The
Indian Space Research Organisation
is the agency of
India
that deals with
space exploration
and
astronomy
. Also known as
ISRO
, the organisation has made many successes since its creation in 1969. It built and launched the
Mars Orbiter Mission
which made India the first country to get to Mars on its first try.
Organised research about space in India was led by two scientists:
Vikram Sarabhai
and
Homi Bhaba
.
[7]
[8]
Bhaba was the secretary of the
Department of Atomic Energy
when it was founded in 1950. He supported Sarabhai in creating India's first rocket launch station.
[7]
In 1962, the
Indian National Committee for Space Research
was set up by India's first prime minister,
Jawaharlal Nehru
.
[9]
In 1969, ISRO was created to follow INCOSPAR.
Like other space programs, ISRO has had many successes and failures. In the beginning, ISRO built satellites that were then launched by other countries, like the
Soviet Union
. Later, ISRO built many types of
rockets
. Some of those rockets are now decommissioned, meaning ISRO does not use them anymore. In the future, India also wants to send people to space and send more missions to other planets.
During the 1960s and 1970s India began its own rocket program. ISRO has had five different types of rockets.
The
Satellite Launch Vehicle
was a 4-stage solid-propellant light launcher. It was supposed to be 500
kilometres
(310
miles
) tall and be able to carry 40
kilograms
(88
pounds
). The first launch was in 1979 and launched every year until 1983. It launched successfully for the first time on July 18, 1980.
[10]
This means that India is the sixth country to get spaceflight by itself. It is now decomissioned.
The
Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
was a five-stage solid propellant rocket. It was able to carry 150 kilograms (330 pounds) into
low Earth orbit
. The design was based on the SLV and the project started in the 1980s. The rocket was tested in 1987, 1988, 1992, and 1994 and only two of them were successful. It is now decommissioned.
The
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
uses an
expendable launch system
to carry things into space. It is still in use.
The
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
also uses an expendable launch system, this time to launch INSAT-type satellites. Currently it is India's second-heaviest launch vehicle and can launch up to 5,000 kilograms (11,000 pounds) into low Earth orbit. There are multiple marks, or versions of this rocket. It is still in use.
India's first satellite, which was called the
Aryabhata
, was launched by the Soviet Union. Since then India has built and launched many different satellites.
Rohini
is a series of four satellites. These satellites were launched by the Satellite Launch Vehicle, and three of them were able to make it into orbit.
[11]
The
Indian National Satellite System
(INSAT) is a series of satellites built and launched by ISRO. These help India with
telecommunications
, broadcasting, meteorology, and search-and-rescue.
The
Indian Remote Sensing satellites
(IRS) are a series of satellites built and launched by ISRO. It is the largest series of remote sensing satellites for regular people in the world.
India(Bharat) has two
Radar Imaging Satellites
(RISAT).
The
South Asia Satellite
is a communications satellite launched in 2017 as a gift to the other countries in the
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
.
GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation satellite system
[
change
|
change source
]
Also known as GAGAN, this is a national plan for satellite navigation.
IRNSS satellite navigation system
[
change
|
change source
]
The
Independent Regional Navigation Satellite System
is made to have accurate position information to people in India as well as 1500 km from its borders. It is made like this because in bad situations, people cannot rely on
GPS
. ISRO first planned to launch the satellites between 2012 and 2014, but it had to be moved to later years.
The first Indian
cosmonaut
is
Rakesh Sharma
, who flew with two Russians in
Salyut 7
in 1984.
[10]
The first female Indian astronaut was
Kalpana Chawla
. She died in
Space Shuttle
Columbia
in 2003. The second female Indian astronaut,
Sunita Williams
, spent 321 days 17 hours 15 minutes in space.
In 2008 ISRO sent
Chandrayaan-1
to the moon.
[10]
It helped discover evidence of water on the moon. ISRO flew the
Mars Orbiter Mission
in 2013 and it reached Mars in 2014, making India the 4th country to put a spacecraft in
orbit
around Mars.
Chandrayaan-2
was India's second moon mission. It was launched on 22 July 2019 at 2:43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) to the
Moon
by a
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III
(GSLV Mk III).
[12]
[13]
It includes an orbiter, lander, and rover that would study the moon both on and above the surface. The mission spent some time orbiting Earth before going to the moon. The lander failed to reach the
lunar south pole
on 6 September 2019 due to a software glitch.
[14]
[15]
India plans to repeat
Chandrayaan-3
by 2023.
The next Mars mission will be the
Mars Orbiter Mission 2
, and will be launched in 2024.
The first mission to the Sun will be a probe called
Aditya-L1
. It was originally planned for 2012, but was delayed to 2021 and then January 2023. It will study solar wind and space weather.
The first mission to Venus will be an orbiter mission called
Shukrayaan-1
, that will launch in 2024.
In 2018, prime minister
Narendra Modi
said that India will send astronauts into space by 2022.
[16]
- ↑
"ISRO gets new identity"
. Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from
the original
on 20 August 2018
. Retrieved
19 August
2018
.
- ↑
"A 'vibrant' new logo for ISRO"
. Times of India. 19 August 2002
. Retrieved
19 August
2018
.
- ↑
Spaceflight, Adam Mann 2019-03-01T22:51:45Z (March 2019).
"ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organization"
.
Space.com
. Retrieved
2019-06-19
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ↑
"Annual Report 2017-18"
.
ISRO.gov.in
. Archived from
the original
on 24 February 2019
. Retrieved
23 February
2019
.
- ↑
"Archived copy"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2019-02-24
. Retrieved
2019-06-30
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ↑
"Chairman ISRO, Secretary DOS"
.
Department of Space,
Government of India
. Archived from
the original
on January 24, 2018
. Retrieved
January 23,
2018
.
- ↑
7.0
7.1
"Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (1963-1971) - ISRO"
.
www.isro.gov.in
. Archived from
the original
on 2019-04-22
. Retrieved
2019-06-18
.
- ↑
"Homi J. Bhabha"
.
Atomic Heritage Foundation
. Retrieved
2019-06-18
.
- ↑
Pushpa M. Bhargava; Chandana Chakrabarti (2003).
The Saga of Indian Science Since Independence: In a Nutshell
. Universities Press. pp. 39?. ISBN
978-81-7371-435-1
.
- ↑
10.0
10.1
10.2
Spaceflight, Adam Mann 2019-03-01T22:51:45Z (March 2019).
"ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organization"
.
Space.com
. Retrieved
2019-06-19
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ↑
"Rohini Satellite RS-1 - ISRO"
.
www.isro.gov.in
. Archived from
the original
on 2019-06-30
. Retrieved
2019-06-30
.
- ↑
"Chandrayaan-2 Launch Mission: Bahubali rocket set to take-off at 2:43 pm today"
.
- ↑
Singh, Surendra (5 August 2018).
"Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position"
.
The Times of India
. Times News Network
. Retrieved
15 August
2018
.
- ↑
"ISRO aims for Chandrayaan-2 landing at 1.55 AM on September 07, says Dr K. Sivan"
. Retrieved
24 August
2019
.
- ↑
"GSLV-Mk III ? M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission"
.
ISRO.gov.in
. Archived from
the original
on 12 September 2019
. Retrieved
21 July
2019
.
- ↑
"Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi"
.
The Hindu
. PTI. 2018-08-15.
ISSN
0971-751X
. Retrieved
2019-06-30
.
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: others (
link
)