Gilgit-Baltistan
???? ???????
|
---|
|
|
A map of the disputed
Kashmir
region with the two Pakistan-administered areas shaded in sage-green.
|
Interactive map of Gilgit-Baltistan
|
Coordinates:
35°21′N
75°54′E
/
35.35°N 75.9°E
/
35.35; 75.9
|
Established
| 1 November 1948
|
---|
Capital
| Gilgit
|
---|
Largest city
| Skardu
[1]
|
---|
|
? Type
| Administrative territory
|
---|
? Body
| Government of Gilgit-Baltistan
|
---|
?
Governor
| Syed Mehdi Shah
|
---|
?
Chief Minister
| Gulbar Khan
|
---|
?
Chief Secretary
| Muhammad Khuram Aga
[2]
|
---|
?
Legislature
| Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly
|
---|
?
High Court
| Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit-Baltistan
[3]
|
---|
|
? Total
| 72,496 km
2
(27,991 sq mi)
|
---|
| [5]
|
---|
|
? Total
| 1,492,924
|
---|
? Density
| 21/km
2
(53/sq mi)
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC+05:00
(
PKT
)
|
---|
ISO 3166 code
| PK-GB
|
---|
Languages
| Balti
,
Shina
,
Wakhi
,
Burushaski
,
Khowar
,
Domaki
,
Purgi
,
Changthang
,
Brokskat
,
Ladakhi
,
Urdu
(administrative)
|
---|
HDI
(2019)
| 0.592
[6]
Medium
|
---|
Assembly seats
| 33
[7]
|
---|
Divisions
| 3
|
---|
Districts
| 14
|
---|
Tehsils
| 31
[8]
|
---|
Union Councils
| 113
|
---|
Website
| gilgitbaltistan
.gov
.pk
|
---|
Gilgit Baltistan
(
Urdu
:
???? ???????
), previously known as the Northern Areas, is the northern-most autonomous territory of Pakistan. In terms of land area it is bigger than
Sierra Leone
but smaller than
Panama
.
[9]
[10]
It was part of the former
Princely state
of
Kashmir and Jammu
in 1800s
[9]
and later leased to British
[11]
eventually liberated after a planned
liberation
movement
led by
Gilgit Scouts
.
[10]
It borders Azad Jammu and Kashmir in the south,
Indian-administered Kashmir
in the southeast, where the KPK province of Pakistan to the west, and internationally borders
Afghanistan
to the north. However,
Tajikistan
is separated by fourteen kilometers via
Wakhan Corridor
, the
People's Republic of China
to the northeast.
[11]
Gilgit Baltistan, which became a single administrative unit in
1970
, was formed from the amalgamation of the
Gilgit Agency
, the
Baltistan District
of the
Ladakh Wazarat
, and the states of
Hunza
and
Nagar
. Gilgit Baltistan remains part of the Kashmir dispute. The
Government of Pakistan
since 1947 Independence regards the entire area of Jammu and Kashmir as "Territory in dispute" to be resolved by a
Plebiscite
to be held throughout the former state to determine the area's final accession to either the
Dominion of India
or merger with Brethren Pakistan via as a natural extension. A governor and a chief minister govern Gilgit Baltistan, the latter elected by a legislative assembly. Gilgit Baltistan covers 72,971
km²
(28,174
mi²
) and is very
mountainous
. It had an estimated
population
of 1.8 million in 2015. Its capital city is
Gilgit
, and the largest city is
Skardu
. The region is home to five of the 14 eight-thousanders, including
K2
("National Mountain")
. Three of the world's longest
glaciers
outside of
Earth's
polar regions
are found in Gilgit-Baltistan. The main tourism activities are
trekking
and
mountaineering
. Much of the population of Gilgit-Baltistan reportedly wants the territory to become integrated with Pakistan proper as a Fifth
province
, and opposes integration with the rest of the Kashmir region. The
Pakistani government
had rejected calls from the territory for
Provincial status
on the grounds that granting such a request would jeopardise Pakistan's demands for the entire Kashmir conflict to be resolved according to
all related United Nations Resolutions
.
[12]
However, in November 2020, former
Pakistani
Prime minister
Imran Khan
announced that Gilgit-Baltistan would attain Provisional Provincial Status after the
2020 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly election
.
[13]
[14]
[15]
Muslim rule in the area ended with the expansion of the
Sikh Empire
. After the British defeat of the Sikhs in the Anglo-Sikh wars, the region was ruled by the Dogras under British paramountcy. After the 1947 Independence, the region became part of the newly formed
Sovereign state
of
Pakistan
through Gilgit rebellion in the
First Kashmir War
of 1947/48. Gilgit Baltistan was
liberated
from the Dogra rule on the 1st of November in 1947, and this date marks its freedom of the region. Prior to its freedom, the area of Gilgit Baltistan was once a part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, one of India’s major princely states. The state of Jammu and Kashmir was established in 1846 with the signing of the
Treaty of Amritsar
between the
British Raj
and Gulab Singh of the
Dogra Dynasty
. The treaty also effectively delineated the southern, eastern, and western borders of a new political entity, pushing the Dogras to the forefront of
Northern India
’s rule. During the first
Anglo-Sikh war
, Gulab Singh of Jammu opted to stand with the
East India Company
(EIC) by remaining neutral. Therefore, the EIC acknowledged Singh’s dedication during the war and thus ‘sold’ the state to him for 7.5 million Rupees. Subsequently, Gulab Singh became the first
Maharaja
of the state. Jammu and Kashmir’s princely state was divided into four units: the provinces of Jammu and Kashmir as well as the districts of
Ladakh
and
Gilgit
. Before signing the Treaty of Amritsar, in 1840, Gulab Singh’s Dogra army attacked and annexed
Baltistan
. As a result, under the new administrative setup, Baltistan was included in the district of Ladakh. Due to this linkage, the region still has the
Status quo
of a
Disputed territory
. Subsequently, the region is in constitutional limbo and denied representation in the Federal National legislature. Successive
Governments
have tried to regulate the problems and solve the puzzle through different measures; however, the anomaly still exists. The question of GB’s integration into
Pakistan
is complicated as Pakistan and the
Republic of India
both maintain
GB
is part of
Kashmir
. When the
Dominion of India
raised the case of Kashmir before the
UN
, India’s irredentistly and hegemonic fraudulent false claim on Kashmir was denied and the whole state of Kashmir ? including GB ? became a Disputed territory. The issue was supposed to be resolved through a
plebiscite
with certain preconditions.
GB’s scholars and political analysts take a contrary position. As per historical accounts, Kashmir’s Dogras captured Baltistan through military aggression; there was no legal or constitutional rationale for their rule. The people never accepted their rule, either. Hence, the occupation of the region through military invasion cannot justify associating the region with Kashmir.
Qasim Naseem, a senior journalist and writer from GB, argues that, if the justification behind declaring GB a part of Kashmir is accepted, Pakistan and India could also be declared a constitutional part of
Great Britain
. Kashmir itself was, at one time, ruled by Sultan Saeed Khan Kashgiri and came under control of the Afghans for a long period. However, Kashmir neither became part of
Kashgar
nor of
Afghanistan
. Naseem further contends that we do not accept Indian Occupied Kashmir as a so-called integral part of India, despite it being under Indian atrocious and brutal administration since 1948.
The regions of
Baltistan
, and
Ladakh
(including
Kargil
) and
Chitral
are also considered to be a part of Balawaristan by nationalist parties of Gilgit. The peoples' do not consider areas of
Gilgit
and
Baltistan
to be legally or constitutionally part of Pakistan or India. Nor do they regard neighboring regions of
Ladakh wazarat
to be legitimately part of India or Pakistan. They demand freedom not just for regions within Pakistan, but also Indian held areas.
[16]
They also assert that as per UNCIP resolutions, (Pakistan and India) must withdraw their occupational armed forces and handover the control of the disputed region to the people of Gilgit Baltistan, under the supervision of the
United Nations
, until a final settlement of the whole
Jammu and Kashmir
issue is reached, as per a United Nations sponsored plebiscite that would be held in both Pakistan and
Indian-administered Kashmir
."
[17]
Semi-autonomous status and present-day Gilgit-Baltistan
[
change
|
change source
]
On 29 August 2009, the
Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order 2009
, was passed by the Pakistani cabinet and later signed by the country's President. The order granted self-rule to the people of the former Northern Areas, now renamed
Gilgit-Baltistan
, by creating, among other things, an elected legislative assembly. There has been criticism and opposition to this move in Pakistan, India, and Gilgit-Baltistan.
[18]
[19]
Gilgit Baltistan United Movement
?while rejecting the new package?demanded that an independent and autonomous legislative assembly for Gilgit-Baltistan should be formed with the installation of local authoritative government as per the UNCIP resolutions, where the people of Gilgit-Baltistan will elect their president and the prime minister.
[20]
In early September 2009,
Pakistan
signed an agreement with the
People's Republic of China
for a mega energy project in Gilgit-Baltistan which includes the construction of a 7,000-megawatt dam at Bunji in the
Astore District
.
[21]
This also resulted in protest from the
Republic of India
, although Indian concerns were immediately rejected by Pakistan, which claimed that the
Government of India
has no locus standi in the matter.
[22]
On 29 September 2009, the Pakistani Prime Minister, while addressing a huge gathering in Gilgit-Baltistan, announced a multi-billion rupee development package aimed at the socio-economic uplifting of people in the area. Development projects will include the areas of education, health, agriculture, tourism and the basic needs of life.
[23]
[24]
[25]
The Prime Minister further went on to say:
"You are getting your identity today. It is your right and has been your demand, and today we are fulfilling it."
[26]
Gilgit?Baltistan thus gained
de facto
province-like status without constitutionally becoming part of Pakistan.
[27]
[28]
The official poistion of Pakistan has rejected Gilgit?Baltistani calls for integration with Pakistan on the grounds that it would prejudice its international obligations with regard to the
Kashmir dispute
.
In 1982 the Pakistani President General Zia ul Haq proclaimed that the people of the Northern Areas were
Pakistanis
and had nothing to do with the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
An attempt in 1993 by the High Court of
Azad Kashmir
to annex Gilgit?Baltistan was quashed by the
Supreme Court of Pakistan
, after protests by the predominantly
Shia
population of Gilgit?Baltistan, who feared domination by the
Sunni
Kashmiris.
[12]
The Federal government of Pakistan was to announce the new reforms within a week of its announcement; however, it took considerable time to do so. The delay indeed created rumors and confusion which resulted into the passing of a unanimous resolution by Gilgit Baltistan Assembly for sharing the recommendations of Sartaj Aziz Committee which was formed on
29 October
2015
to recommend new political and administrative reforms for Gilgit Baltistan. The Committee took three years for formulation and the new order was decided in 27 meetings. The draft was also debated in all parties’ conference held in Gilgit on
20 November
2017
as claimed by the government spokesman.
The positive points of new order are that it has repealed 2009 order and annulled powerful Gilgit Baltistan Council and powers shifted to
Gilgit Baltistan Legislative Assembly
. Apparently, there is no role of Kashmir Affairs ministry as it is Gilgit Baltistan Assembly with the powers of legislation. Chief Court will be renamed as
High Court
comprising of 7 Judges. Appointments of Judges will be made at Gilgit Baltistan level. There will be Gilgit Baltistan provincial service commission and a provincial Auditor General.
The
Gilgit-Baltistan Order 2018
was promulgated by the former Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi on May 21, 2018, and replaced the Gilgit Baltistan Empowerment and Self Governance Order 2009, with the ostensible aim of providing the “same rights enjoyed by the other citizens of Pakistan to people of Gilgit Baltistan.” The August 8, 2018, order purportedly provided political, administrative, financial and judicial powers to people in the region. In actual fact, however, the order shifted powers from the Gilgit Baltistan Council ? including those related to passing laws relating to minerals and tourism ? to the Gilgit Baltistan Assembly. A comparative analysis of the 2009 ad 2018 Orders indicates that the ‘Special Provisional Rights’ the people of Gilgit Baltistan enjoyed have been curtailed further. For instance, the Legislative Power, according to the 2009 Order, was vested in the
Gilgit Baltistan Council
(though this was led by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, but also had representatives from Gilgit Baltistan) and the Gilgit Baltistan Assembly. As per the 2018 Order, this power lies with the Prime Minister of Pakistan and the Gilgit Baltistan Assembly, which comprises 33 members of which 24 members were Elected through direct Election. The Prime Minister seems to hold final authority in terms of legislative powers, as the Gilgit-Baltistan Order 2018 reads,
"If any provision of an Act of Assembly is repugnant to any provision of any law which the Prime Minister is competent to enact, then the law made by the Prime Minister, whether passed before or after the Act of the Assembly, shall prevail and the Act of the Assembly shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void.".
Thus this
Order in Immediate Effect ‘‘Made Gilgit?Baltistan a Provisional Province without it becoming a Constitutional Part of Pakistan’’, with complete Internal Autonomous status
respectively.
The order also defines the ambit of discussions in the assembly; with
Article 57
restricting it from even discussing “matters relating to foreign affairs, defense [and] internal security”, which is highly unlikely given the region’s borders with
China
,
Occupied Kashmir
and
Afghanistan
. Moreover, civil society activists have demanded a share in income from the
China Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC), citing Pakistan’s dependence on a
Disputed territory
for directly connecting it with
China
. For these voices, Pakistan’s obsession with
Kashmir Region
has also been subject to criticism as
Islamabad
has failed to address GB’s grievances while at the same time criticizing India’s so-called Kashmir policy. While the order, in theory may not be closer to addressing these grievances, hope rests on whether Islamabad’s promise of the greater power
Devolution
is able to tackle the growing alienation.
Gilgit-Baltistan is a multilingual region where
Urdu
being a national and official language serves as the
lingua franca
for inter ethnic communications. Main languages are
Balti
,
Shina
Burushaski
,
Wakhi
and
Khowar
.
Pakistani English
is co-official and also used in education, while Arabic is used for religious purposes. The table below shows a break-up of Gilgit-Baltistan first-language speakers.
Rank
|
Language
|
Detail
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
|
1
|
Shina
|
It is a
Dardic language
spoken by the majority in six
tehsils
(Gilgit, Diamir/Chilas, Darel/Tangir, Astore, Puniyal/Gahkuch and Rondu).
|
2
|
Balti
|
It is spoken by the majority in five
tehsils
(Skardu/Shigar, Kharmang, Gultari, Khaplu and Mashabrum). It is from the Tibetan language family and has Urdu borrowings.
|
3
|
Burushaski
|
It is spoken by the majority in four
tehsils
(Nagar 1, Hunza/Aliabad, Nagar II, and Yasin). It is a
language isolate
that has borrowed considerable Urdu vocabulary.
|
4
|
Khowar
|
It is spoken by the majority in two
tehsils
(Gupis and Ishkomen) but also spoken in Yasin and Puniyal/Gahkuch Tehsils. Like Shina, it is a Dardic language.
|
5
|
Wakhi
|
It is spoken by the majority of people in Gojal Tehsil of Hunza. But it is also spoken in the Yasin and Ishkomen tehsils of
Gupis-Yasin
and
Ghizer
districts. It is classified as eastern Iranian/ Pamiri language.
|
Unranked
|
Others
|
Pashto
,
Kashmiri
,
Domaaki
(spoken by musician clans in the region) and
Gojri
languages are also spoken by a significant population of the region.
|
The population of Gilgit-Baltistan is entirely
Muslim
and is denominationally the most diverse in the country. The region is also the only Shia-plurality area in an otherwise Sunni-dominant Pakistan.
People in the Skardu district are mostly Shia, while Diamir and Astore districts have Sunni majorities. Ghanche has a
Noorbakhshi
population, and Ghizar has an
Ismaili
majority.
The populations in Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar districts are composed of a mix of all of these sects.
[37]
According to
Indian government official
,
B. Raman
, the Shias and Ismailis constituted about 85% of the population in 1948.
The Government of Gilgit Baltistan also known as the State Government of the Northern Areas, is the highest
governing authority
of the
territory
and its 10
districts
. It consists of an
executive
, led by the
Governor
of Gilgit Baltistan, a
judiciary
and a
legislative branch
.
Like other provinces in Pakistan, the head of state of Gilgit Baltistan is the governor. The governor is chosen by the
President of Pakistan
on the advice of the central government. The governor's post is largely
ceremonial
. It does not have much power. The
Chief Minister
is the head of government and is holds most of the executive powers.
The Gilgit Baltistan Legislative Assembly is a 33-seat
unicameral
legislative
body. It was formed as part of the
Gilgit?Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order, 2009
. This order gave the region self-rule and an
elected
legislative assembly.
[40]
[41]
Before this, the region had been directly ruled from
Islamabad
.
Gilgit?Baltistan borders the
Wakhan
corridor of Afghanistan to the northwest, China's Uygur Autonomous Region of
Xinjiang
to the northeast, the disputed territory of
Jammu and Kashmir
to the south and southeast, the Pakistani-controlled state of
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
to the south, and Pakistan's
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
to the west.
Gilgi-Baltistan is home to five of the "eight-thousanders" and to more than fifty peaks above 7000 meters.
Gilgit
and
Skardu
are the two main hubs for expeditions to those mountains. The region is home to some of the world's
highest mountain
ranges?the main ranges are the
Karakoram Mountains
and the western
Himalayas
. The
Pamir
mountains are to the north, and the
Hindu Kush
lies to the west. Amongst the highest mountains are
K2
(Mount Godwin-Austen) and
Nanga Parbat
, the latter being one of the most feared mountains in the world.
The
Deosai Plains
are located above the tree line, and constitute the second-highest plateau in the world at 4,115 meters (14,500 feet) after the Chinese region of
Tibet
. The plateau lies east of Astore, south of
Skardu
and west of
Ladakh
. The area was declared as a
national park
in 1993. The Deosai Plains cover an area of almost 5,000 square kilometres. For over half the year (between September and May), Deosai is snow-bound and cut off from rest of Astore & Baltistan in winters. The village of Deosai lies close to Chilum chokki and is connected with the
Kargil District
of
Ladakh
in the Kashmir disputed region through an all-weather road.
- ↑
"Skardu"
.
Skardu
.
Archived
from the original on 14 May 2016
. Retrieved
16 July
2015
.
- ↑
"Khuram Aga posted chief secretary GB"
.
TheNation
. 18 November 2018.
Archived
from the original on 17 June 2020
. Retrieved
12 March
2020
.
- ↑
"Supreme Appellate Court GB"
.
sacgb.gov.pk
.
Archived
from the original on 27 September 2020
. Retrieved
3 November
2020
.
- ↑
Sokefeld, Martin (2015),
"At the margins of Pakistan: Political relationships between Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir"
, in Ravi Kalia (ed.),
Pakistan's Political Labyrinths: Military, Society and Terror
, Routledge, p. 177,
ISBN
978-1-317-40544-3
: "While AJK formally possesses most of the government institutions of a state, GB now formally has the institutions of a Pakistani province. However, AJK remains a quasi-state and GB a quasi-province because neither territory enjoys the full rights and powers connected with the respective political formations. In both areas, Pakistan retains ultimate control."
- ↑
"UNPO: Gilgit Baltistan: Impact Of Climate Change On Biodiversity"
.
unpo.org
.
Archived
from the original on 12 August 2016
. Retrieved
20 June
2016
.
- ↑
"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
.
hdi.globaldatalab.org
.
Archived
from the original on 23 September 2018
. Retrieved
15 March
2020
.
- ↑
Legislative Assembly will have directly elected 24 members, besides six women and three technocrats.
"UNPO: Gilgit Baltistan: New Pakistani Package or Governor Rule"
. 25 December 2014. Archived from
the original
on 2014-12-25.
)
- ↑
"Gilgit-Baltistan at a Glance, 2020"
(PDF)
.
PND GB
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 3 August 2021.
- ↑
9.0
9.1
Dani, Ahmad H; Mikha?lovich Masson, Vadim (2003).
History of Civilizations of Central Asia
. UNESCO.
- ↑
10.0
10.1
Nosheen, K. Ali.
Seeing through the state: Representation and rule in the northern areas of Pakistan
. Cornell University. p. 56.
- ↑
11.0
11.1
Haines, Chad.
Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins
. 2013.
- ↑
12.0
12.1
Schofield, Victoria (2000).
Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unending War
. I.B. Tauris. pp.
180
?181.
ISBN
978-1-86064-545-7
.
- ↑
"Fifth province"
.
Fifth province | The Express Tribune
. The Express Tribune. 2 November 2020.
Archived
from the original on 9 November 2020
. Retrieved
14 November
2020
.
- ↑
"Pakistani PM says he will upgrade status of part of Kashmir, angering India"
.
Pakistani PM says he will upgrade status of part of Kashmir, angering India | Reuters
. Reuters. 1 November 2020.
Archived
from the original on 2 November 2020
. Retrieved
14 November
2020
.
- ↑
"Gilgit-Baltistan to get provisional provincial status post-election: PM Imran"
.
Gilgit-Baltistan to get provisional provincial status post-election: PM Imran
. The News International. 2 November 2020.
Archived
from the original on 14 November 2020
. Retrieved
14 November
2020
.
- ↑
Naxal Watch (2008-06-10).
"IntelliBriefs: Balawaristan: BNF Chief Abdul Hamid Speech to a Historic Gathering"
. Intellibriefs.blogspot.com. Archived from
the original
on 2013-12-18
. Retrieved
2012-05-31
.
- ↑
"Pakistan has no right to discuss Gilgit-Baltistan in its parliament: BNF chief"
.
Sify.com
. 23 February 2011
. Retrieved
13 March
2011
.
- ↑
"The Gilgit-Baltistan bungle"
. Thenews.jang.com.pk. 2009-09-10
. Retrieved
2010-06-05
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ↑
Gilgit-Baltistan package termed an eyewash
Archived
2012-03-19 at the
Wayback Machine
,
Dawn
, 2009-08-30
- ↑
"Gilgit-Baltistan: GBUM Calls for Self-Rule Under UN Resolutions"
. UNPO. 2009-09-09
. Retrieved
2010-06-05
.
- ↑
"Pakistan | Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy"
. Dawn.Com. 2009-09-09
. Retrieved
2010-06-05
.
- ↑
Mumtaz Hamid Rao (2009).
"Pakistan rejects Indian protest on Gilgit-Baltistan, Bunji dam"
. Pakistan Times
. Retrieved
16 August
2013
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ↑
"Gilani announces development package for Gilgit Baltistan"
. Associated Press of Pakistan. 29 September 2009. Archived from
the original
on 6 March 2016
. Retrieved
16 August
2013
.
- ↑
Manzar Shigri (2009-11-12).
"Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls"
. Reuters
. Retrieved
2010-06-05
.
- ↑
"Pakistani president signs Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy order _English_Xinhua"
. News.xinhuanet.com. 2009-09-07
. Retrieved
2010-06-05
.
- ↑
"Gilani announces development package for Gilgit Baltistan"
. GEO.tv. 2009-09-29
. Retrieved
2010-06-05
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ↑
Nadeem (2009-09-21).
"Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy"
. Indian Express
. Retrieved
2013-02-23
.
- ↑
"DAWN: Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy"
. Archives.dawn.com. 2009-09-09
. Retrieved
2013-02-23
.
- ↑
"International Programs"
. Archived from
the original
on 7 January 2017
. Retrieved
10 December
2017
.
- ↑
"Khowar ? South Asia Blog"
. 12 June 2014.
Archived
from the original on 11 December 2015
. Retrieved
24 October
2015
.
- ↑
Katy, Gardner (1999). Leif O. Manger (ed.).
Muslim diversity: local Islam in global contexts
. Routledge. p.
64
.
ISBN
978-0-7007-1104-8
.
- ↑
"Election : Gilgit-Baltistan ? 8 Languages, 10 Ethnic Groups, 6 Districts, 4 Religious sects ? 24 National Assembly Seats ! ? GILGIT BALTISTAN (GB)"
. 22 January 2010.
Archived
from the original on 25 October 2014
. Retrieved
6 October
2014
.
- ↑
Masica, Colin P. (1993),
The Indo-Aryan Languages
, Cambridge University Press,
ISBN
978-0-521-29944-2
,
... he agreed with Grierson in seeing Rajasthani influence on Pahari and 'Dardic' influence on (or under) the whole Northwestern group + Pahari [...] Sindhi and including 'Lahnda', Dardic, Romany and West Pahari, there has been a tendency to transfer of 'r' from medial clusters to a position after the initial consonant ...
- ↑
Munshi, S. (2008), Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.),
Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world
, Elsevier,
ISBN
978-0-08-087774-7
,
archived
from the original on 24 March 2023
, retrieved
11 May
2010
,
Based on historical sub-grouping approximations and geographical distribution, Bashir (2003) provides six sub-groups of the Dardic languages ...
- ↑
Malik, Amar Nath (1995),
The phonology and morphology of Panjabi
, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers,
ISBN
978-81-215-0644-1
, retrieved
26 May
2010
,
...
drakhat
'tree' ...
- ↑
electricpulp.com.
"DARDEST?N"
.
Archived
from the original on 25 February 2021
. Retrieved
8 December
2015
.
- ↑
37.0
37.1
"Sectarian conflict in Gilgit-Baltistan"
(PDF)
. pildat. May 2011. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 September 2013
. Retrieved
24 June
2013
.
- ↑
Shigri, Manzar.
"Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls"
. Reuters. Archived from
the original
on 2015-09-24
. Retrieved
2012-06-20
.
- ↑
"Gilgit-Baltistan Council"
. Gilgit-Baltistan Council
. Retrieved
20 July
2013
.
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