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David Livingstone
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg) |
Born
| (
1813-03-19
)
19 March 1813
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Died
| 4 May 1873
(1873-05-04)
(aged 60)
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Occupation(s)
| Missionary
and
explorer
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David Livingstone
(19 March 1813 ? 4 May 1873) was a
Scottish
medical
missionary
with the London Missionary Society. He wanted to be a missionary, but he could not get many people to convert to
Christian
beliefs, so instead, he
explored
and charted much of southern and eastern
Africa
. He gave the
Victoria Falls
their name. He named them after his queen,
Queen Victoria
.
As an explorer, Livingstone had some advantages. He usually travelled lightly, and he was able to reassure chiefs that he was not a threat. Other expeditions had many soldiers armed with
rifles
, and even more people hired to carry supplies. They were often seen as military incursions or were mistaken for
slave
-raiding parties. Livingstone travelled on most of his journeys with a few servants and porters,
bartering
for supplies along the way. He only had a couple of guns for protection. He preached a
Christian
message but did not force it on unwilling ears. He understood the ways of local chiefs, and got permission to go through their territory. He was often hospitably received and aided, even by
Mwata Kazembe
.
[1]
Livingstone believed in
trade
, and wanted to see Christian missions established in central Africa. His motto on the base of the statue dedicated to him at
Victoria Falls
, was "Christianity, Commerce and
Civilization
". The reason he emphasised these three was that they would form an alternative to the
slave trade
, which was still rampant in Africa at that time. It would give the Africans some dignity when they met Europeans. The abolition of the African slave trade was his main hope.
[2]
Around this time he believed the key to achieving these goals was the navigation of the
Zambezi River
as a Christian commercial highway into the interior.
[3]
He returned to Britain to try to get support for his ideas, and to publish a book on his travels. The book brought him fame as one of the leading explorers of the age.
Livingstone died near a lake, in what is now
Zambia
.
The journeys of Livingstone in Africa between 1851 and 1873
- Livingstone, David (1905) [1857].
Journeys in South Africa, or travels and researches in South Africa
. London: Amalgamated Press.
- Livingstone, David and Waller, Horace (ed) 1874.
The last journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his death
. Two volumes, London: John Murray.
- Holmes, Timothy 1993.
Journey to Livingstone: exploration of an imperial myth
. Edinburgh: Canongate Press.
ISBN
978-0-86241-402-3
; scholarly biography
- Jeal, Tim 1973.
Livingstone
. London: Heinemann.
ISBN
0-434-37208-0
- ↑
Blaikie, William Garden 1880.
The personal life of David Livingstone
. Project Gutenberg E-book #13262.
[1]
- ↑
Stephen Tomkins (2013),
David Livingstone, The Unexplored Story
, Oxford Lion.
- ↑
Tim Holmes: "The History" in:
Spectrum Guide to Zambia
. Camerapix International Publishers, Nairobi (1996)