Cocaine withdrawal
happens when a person who uses a lot of
cocaine
stops using cocaine. It can also happen when a person who uses a lot of cocaine starts using less cocaine than they did before.
Cocaine (also called
coke
) is a powerful
stimulant
. It is an
illegal drug
outside of hospital usage. It makes people feel
very happy
, talkative, energetic, and not want to eat as much food.
Cocaine's most
dangerous
side effects
include:
[1]
[2]
After using cocaine regularly, some users will become
addicted
. When a person who is used to using cocaine stops right away, they will go through what is called a "crash" along with many of other cocaine withdrawal symptoms, like:
[3]
Some cocaine users also report having similar
symptoms
to
schizophrenia
patients and feel that their mind is lost. Some users also report
formication
: feeling like things are crawling on the skin (also called, "coke bugs" or "spiders"). These symptoms can last for weeks or, in some cases, months.
[4]
[5]
[6]
Even after many withdrawal symptoms go away, most users feel like they need to keep using cocaine. This feeling can last for years and may get worse during times of stress. About 30-40% of cocaine addicts start using other kinds of drugs or alcohol after they stop using cocaine.
[7]
[
better source needed
]
Twelve-step programs
like Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on
Alcoholics Anonymous
and
Narcotics Anonymous
) have been widely used to help people addicted to cocaine.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT) and
Motivational Therapy
(MT) have proven to be more helpful than 12-step programs in treating cocaine dependency.
[8]
However, both of these approaches have a fairly low success rate.
Ibogaine
has been researched a treatment for cocaine dependency.
[9]
[10]
It is used in
clinics
in
Mexico
, the
Netherlands
, and
Canada
, but it cannot be used legally in the
United States
.
[11]
Non-drug treatments like
acupuncture
[12]
[13]
and
hypnosis
[14]
[15]
have been studied. However, these studies have not clearly shown that acupuncture or hypnosis helps with cocaine withdrawal.
Cocaine addiction continues to be the second-most difficult addiction to manage, behind
heroin
addiction.
[16]
[17]
Medications
that have been studied to treat cocaine withdrawal include
acetylcysteine
,
[18]
[19]
[20]
baclofen
,
[21]
[22]
bupropion
,
[23]
vanoxerine
,
[24]
and
vigabatrin
.
[21]
Kim Janda
has been working for years on a
vaccination
that would treat cocaine use disorders.
[25]
The anti-depressant
desipramine
,
[26]
and the stimulants
methylphenidate
[27]
and
pemoline
,
[28]
have been used to treat cocaine dependence in people who also have a
mental illness
.
Several drugs have been used to treat cocaine withdrawal and cravings:
Finally, drugs have been used to cause an "aversion reaction" (a very bad reaction) when given with cocaine. The most common of these drugs is
phenelzine
.
[a]
On February 14, 2011, two
Swiss
psychologists
published two years'
research
on cocaine addiction. They found that addicts who
gambled
were less likely to use cocaine or to relapse on cocaine. They think gambling may refocus the
brain
's "reward center" from cocaine to gambling. They said that psychotherapy should be used along with gambling. More
research
is being done on long-term
relapse
rates (the number of people who eventually start using cocaine again).
[33]
[34]
[
better source needed
]
However, a more recent study looked at prize-based contingency management: a treatment method that offers addicts chances to win prizes if they do not use cocaine. This study found that prize-based contingency management helped cocaine addicts stay off cocaine, whether or not they had gambled recently. This suggests that it is the chance of a reward, not the gambling itself, that helps cocaine addicts stay off of cocaine.
[35]
- ↑
[32]
←Page #928 (4th page of article) ¶4. §(1), (2) & (3); Lines 10?12 & 15?18 of aforementioned 4th ¶.
- ↑
Walsh, Karen (October 2010).
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Science
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"Models of Intervention and Care for Psychostimulant Users, 2nd Edition ? Monograph Series No. 51: The Cocaine Withdrawal Syndrome"
.
The Department of Health
. Government of Australia. April 2004. Archived from
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Brady KT, Lydiard RB, Malcolm R, Ballenger JC (1991). "Cocaine-induced psychosis".
J Clin Psychiatry
.
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PMID
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Elliott A.; Mahmood T.; Smalligan R.D. (2012). "Cocaine Bugs: A Case Report of Cocaine-Induced Delusions of Parasitosis".
The American Journal on Addictions
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.
Treatment4Addiction Online Recovery Resource Directory
. AAC.
- ↑
Palinkas, L. A. (17 January 2008).
"Cognitive behavioural therapy reduced cocaine abuse compared with 12 step facilitation"
.
Evidence-Based Mental Health
.
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.
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2012
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Koenig, X; Hilber, K (29 January 2015).
"The anti-addiction drug ibogaine and the heart: A delicate relation"
.
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.
PMC
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Current Drug Abuse Reviews
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BBC World Service
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Margolin, Arthur (2 January 2002).
"Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine addiction: A randomized controlled trial"
.
The Journal of the American Medical Association
.
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.
PMID
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The American Journal on Addictions
.
7
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.
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
.
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.
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.
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
.
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doi
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.
PMID
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.
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Schaler, Jeffrey A. (September?October 1991).
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.
Society
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.
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Barbara, John; Morrison, June (January 1975).
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.
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.
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17113207
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Am J Psychiatry
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.
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21.0
21.1
Karila L; Gorelick D; Weinstein A (May 2008).
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.
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.
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Ling W, Shoptaw S, Majewska D; Shoptaw; Majewska (May 1998).
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.
Neuropsychopharmacology
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.
PMID
9536455
.
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.
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Margolin A; Kosten TR; Avants SK (December 1995).
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.
Drug Alcohol Depend
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40
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10.1016/0376-8716(95)01198-6
.
PMID
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.
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.
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.
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31.2
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