From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The
Archaeplastida
(or kingdom
Plantae
sensu lato
"in a broad sense") are a major group of
eukaryotes
. It include the
photoautotrophic
red algae
(Rhodophyta),
green algae
,
land plants
and the minor group
glaucophytes
.
[6]
It also includes the
Rhodelphidia
, an
eukaryotrophic
flagellate
that is sister to the Rhodophyta, and probably
picozoans
.
[7]
The Archaeplastida have
chloroplasts
that are surrounded by two
membranes
. All other groups which have chloroplasts, besides the amoeboid genus
Paulinella
, have chloroplasts surrounded by three or four membranes.
The cells of the Archaeplastida do not have
centrioles
. They have
mitochondria
with flat
cristae
. They usually have a
cell wall
that contains
cellulose
. Food is stored as
starch
. However, these characteristics are also shared with other eukaryotes. The main evidence that the Archaeplastida form a
monophyletic
group comes from genetic studies. These studies show their
plastids
probably had a single origin. Not all scientists agree with these studies.
[8]
[9]
Photosynthetic organisms with plastids of different origin (such as
brown algae
) do not belong to the Archaeplastida.
The archaeplastidans fall into two main
evolutionary
lines. The red algae are colored with
chlorophyll
a
and
phycobiliproteins
, like most cyanobacteria, and accumulate starch outside the chloroplasts. The green algae and land plants are colored with chlorophylls
a
and
b
, but do not have phycobiliproteins. Also, starch is built up inside the chloroplasts.
[10]
These two groups are called
Viridiplantae
(Latin for "green plants") or Chloroplastida. The glaucophytes have
cyanobacterial
color. They are unusual as they havea cell wall within their plastids (called cyanelles).
[1]
Archaeplastida should not be confused with the older and obsolete name
Archiplastideae
. This term refers to
cyanobacteria
and other groups of bacteria.
[11]
[12]
- ↑
1.0
1.1
Adl, S.M.; et al. (2005).
"The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists"
.
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
.
52
(5): 399?451.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
.
PMID
16248873
.
S2CID
8060916
.
- ↑
Yazaki, Euki; Yabuki, Akinori; Imaizumi, Ayaka; Kume, Keitaro; Hashimoto, Tetsuo; Inagaki, Yuji (31 August 2021).
"Phylogenomics invokes the clade housing Cryptista, Archaeplastida, and
Microheliella maris
"
.
doi
:
10.1101/2021.08.29.458128
.
S2CID
237393558
. Retrieved
25 November
2021
.
- ↑
Schon, M.E.; Zlatogursky, V.V.; Singh, R.P.; et al. (17 November 2021).
"Single cell genomics reveals plastid-lacking Picozoa are close relatives of red algae"
.
Nature Communications
. 12: 6651 (1): 6651.
Bibcode
:
2021NatCo..12.6651S
.
doi
:
10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0
.
ISSN
2041-1723
.
PMC
8599508
.
PMID
34789758
.
- ↑
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine?"
".
BioSystems
.
14
(3?4): 461?481.
doi
:
10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
.
PMID
7337818
.
- ↑
5.0
5.1
Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Chase, Mark W. (2004).
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view"
.
American Journal of Botany
.
91
(10): 1437?1445.
doi
:
10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437
.
PMID
21652302
.
- ↑
Ball, S.; Colleoni, C. (January 2011).
"The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis"
.
Journal of Experimental Botany
.
62
(6). Cenci, U.; Raj, J.N.; Tirtiaux, C.: 1775?1801.
doi
:
10.1093/jxb/erq411
.
PMID
21220783
.
- ↑
Picozoans Are Algae After All: Study | The Scientist Magazine®
- ↑
Parfrey. L. W.; Barbero, E.; Lasser, E; et al. (December 2006).
"Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity"
.
PLOS Genetics
.
2
(12): e220.
doi
:
10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220
.
PMC
1713255
.
PMID
17194223
.
- ↑
Kim, E; Graham, L. E. (July 2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.).
"EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata"
.
PLOS ONE
.
3
(7): e2621.
Bibcode
:
2008PLoSO...3.2621K
.
doi
:
10.1371/journal.pone.0002621
.
PMC
2440802
.
PMID
18612431
.
- ↑
Viola, R.; Nyvall, P.; Pedersen, M. (2001).
"The unique features of starch metabolism in red algae"
.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
.
268
(1474): 1417?1422.
doi
:
10.1098/rspb.2001.1644
.
PMC
1088757
.
PMID
11429143
.
- ↑
Copeland, H. F. (1956).
The Classification of Lower Organisms
. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, p. 29,
[1]
.
- ↑
Bessey, C. E. (1907).
"A Synopsis of Plant Phyla"
.
Univ. Nebraska Studies
.
7
: 275?358.