From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The
1st century
was the
century
that lasted from year
1
to
100
.
During this period
Europe
, North
Africa
and the Near East fell under increasing domination by the
Roman Empire
. It continued expanding under the
emperor
Claudius
(
43
). The reforms introduced by
Augustus
during his long reign stabilized the empire. Later in the century the
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
, which had been founded by
Augustus
came to an end with the death of
Nero
in
68
. There followed the famous
Year of Four Emperors
, a brief period of civil war and instability, which was finally brought to an end by
Vespasian
, 9th Roman emperor, and founder of the
Flavian Dynasty
.
China continued to be dominated by the
Han Dynasty
, despite a 14-year interruption by the
Xin dynasty
under
Wang Mang
. Han rule was restored in
23
. Wang Mang's rule represents the watershed between the Western/Former Han and the Eastern/Later Han. The capital was also moved from
Chang'an
to
Luoyang
.
- Western Europe
: Controlled by Rome.
- Southern Europe
: Controlled by Rome.
- North Africa
: Controlled by Rome.
- West Africa
: Numerous tribal governments.
- Central Africa
: Bantu tribes, collapsing Nok civilization.
- East Africa
: Meroe, Blemmyes, Axum Empire.
- Southern Africa
: Bantu tribes, Khoisan.
- Western Asia
: Rome, Parthian empires, as well as many smaller tribes.
- Central Asia
: Sarmatian tribes.
- South-central Asia
: Kushan empire, Western Satraps, Satavahana, Tibetans.
- Southeast Asia
: City states, Khmer, Mon kingdoms, Funan.
- East Asia
: Eastern Han Dynasty of China, Three Kingdoms (Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla) of Korea.
- Early 1st century ?
Augustus of Primaporta
(perhaps a copy of a bronze statue of ca.
20 BC
) is made. It is now kept in
Musei Vaticani
,
Braccio Nuovo
,
Rome
.
- Early 1st century ?
Gemma Augustea
is made. It is now kept at
Kunsthistorisches Museum
,
Vienna
.
- Early 1st century ?
House of the Silver Wedding
,
Pompeii
, is built. Excavated in
1893
, the year of the silver wedding anniversary of
Italy
's King Humbert and his wife,
Margherita of Savoy
, who have supported archaeological fieldwork at Pompeii.
- Early 1st century ? Inner shrine,
Ise, Mie
,
Mie Prefecture
, is built.
Yayoi period
.
- 1
:
Lions
became
extinct
in
Western Europe
.
- c.
6
:
Census of Quirinius
- 8
?
23
:
Wang Mang
temporarily overthrew the
Han dynasty
of
China
.
- 9
: Three Roman legions were destroyed at
Teutoberg Forest
by Germans under the leadership of
Arminius
.
- 14
:
Augustus Caesar
, first emperor of Rome, dies. His nephew
Tiberius
is his successor.
- 28
?
75
:
Emperor Ming of Han
,
Buddhism
reaches
China
.
- Humans arrive on
Pentecost Island
and establish the
Bunlap
tribe, among others.
- 26
: According to the
Bible
,
Jesus begins his ministry
.
- 30
:
Death of Jesus on the cross
.
Beginning of the Christian Church
.
- 34
: Conversion of
Saint Paul
.
- 44
: Death of
Herod Agrippa
.
- 41
?
54
: Rachias, an
Ambassador
sent from
Sri Lanka
to the court of
Claudius
.
- Masoretes
adds vowel pointings to the text of the
Tanakh
, the
Hebrew Bible
.
- Buddhist
monks in
Sri Lanka
first write down
Buddha
's teachings, creating the
Pali
canon.
- The regions of present-day
Afghanistan
,
Pakistan
and
North India
come under the control of the
Kushans
, a nomadic people forced out of northwest
China
by the
Han Dynasty
.
- Tacitus
mentions the
Suiones
, who will one day be called the
Swedes
.
- Kaundinya
, an
Indian
Brahmin
marries Soma and establishes the Pre-
Angkor
Cambodian Kingdom
of
Funan
.
- The
Goths
settle in northern
Poland
, which they called
Gothiscandza
, and shape the
Wielbark culture
.
- c. 50:
Christian
Council of Jerusalem
.
- c.
52
: Arrival of
Apostle Thomas
to Malabar, India. Beginning of
Christianity
in
India
.
- Mid-1st century ? Wall niche, from garden in
Pompeii
, is made. It is now kept at
Fitzwilliam Museum
,
University of Cambridge
, England.
- Mid-1st century ? Detail of a wall painting in the
House of M. Lucretius Fronto
,
Pompeii
, is made.
- July 19, 64:
Great Fire of Rome
, first Roman mass
Persecution of Christians
, earliest significant recognition of
Christians
in
Rome
.
- 66
?
73
:
First Jewish-Roman War
.
- August
70
: destruction of
Herod's Temple
in
Jerusalem
by the Romans under
Titus
.
- August
79
:
Pompeii
and
Herculaneum
destroyed by eruption of
Mount Vesuvius
.
- Jewish
Council of Jamnia
.
- Spread of the
Roman Empire
, reaches largest size under
Trajan
.
- Arena (colosseum)
is constructed, origin of the name
Arena
.
- Late 1st century ? Cityscape, detail of a Second Style wall painting from a bedroom in the House of
Publius Fannius Synistor
,
Boscoreale
, is made. It is now at The
Metropolitan Museum of Art
,
New York City
.
- The painting "Alexander the Great confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos", detail of mosaic floor decoration from
Pompeii
,
Italy
is made. It is a Roman copy after a Greek painting of c.
310 BC
, perhaps by
Philoxenos
or Helen of Egypt. It is now at
Museo Archeologico Nazionale
,
Naples
,
Italy
.
- Late 1st century ? Bedroom, from the House of Publius Fannius Synistor,
Boscoreale
is made. It is reconstructed with later furnishings at The
Metropolitan Museum of Art
,
New York City
.
- Late 1st century ? Seascape, detail of a wall painting from
Villa Farnesina
,
Rome
, is made.
- Late 1st century ? Young Woman Writing, detail of a wall painting, from
Pompeii
, is made. It is now kept at
Museo Archeologico Nazionale
,
Naples
.
- Late 1st century ? Mausoleum under Construction, relief from the tomb of the
Haterius
family,
Via Labicana
,
Rome
, is made. It is now kept at
Musei Vaticani
,
Museo Gregoriano Profano
,
ex Lateranese
,
Rome
.
- Late 1st century ? Middle-Aged Flavian Woman is made. It is now kept at
Musei Vaticani
,
Museo Gregoriano Profano
,
ex Lateranese
,
Rome
.
- c. Late 1st century ? early 2nd century ? Buddha and Attendants, from
Katra Keshavdev
,
Mathura
,
Madhya Pradesh
,
India
, is made. Kushan period. It is now kept at
Mathura Museum
.
- 1st?2nd centuries ? Tomb model of a house is made. Eastern
Han dynasty
. It is now kept at The
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
,
Kansas City
,
Missouri
.
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
[
change
|
change source
]
- Codex
, the first form of the modern book, appears in the Roman Empire
- Year
78
?the beginning of the Saka Era used by South Asian calendars.
- Bookbinding
- Various inventions by
Hero of Alexandria
, including the
steam turbine
(aeolipile),
water organ
, and various other water-powered machines.
- In
31
, the
Han Dynasty
Chinese engineer and statesman
Du Shi
(d.
38
) from
Nanyang
invented the first known
hydraulic
-powered
bellows
to heat the
blast furnace
in smelting
cast iron
. He used a complex mechanical device that was powered by the rushing current against a
waterwheel
, a practice that would continue in China.
- Although
Philo of Byzantium
described the saqiya
chain pump
in the early 2nd century BC, the square-pallet
chain pump
was innovated in China during this century, mentioned first by the philosopher
Wang Chong
around 80 AD. Wang Chong also accurately described the
water cycle
in
meteorology
, and argued against the mainstream 'radiating influence' theory for
solar eclipses
, the latter of which was accepted by many, including
Zhang Heng
.
- The Chinese astronomer
Liu Xin
(d.
23
) documented 1080 different stars, amongst other achievements.
- End of 1st century ?
codex
replaces the
scroll
.
According to the
New Testament
, during the reign of
Tiberius
, Jesus, a Jewish religious leader from
Galilee
, was crucified in
Jerusalem
on the charge of
blasphemy
for claiming to be the
Son of God
. But "God raised him from the dead"
[1]
three days later, see
Resurrection of Jesus
. Over the next few decades his followers, following the
Great Commission
, including the
apostle Paul
, carried his message throughout the Greek-speaking regions of
Asia Minor
, eventually introducing it to Rome itself. Roman rulers began to
persecute
the new sect almost immediately (the emperor
Nero
accused the Christians of starting the
fires
that destroyed much of Rome in 64 AD), and would continue to do so for centuries, sometimes vigorously, and other times passively. Christian tradition records that all of Christ's
apostles
except
John the Evangelist
suffered
martyrdom
.
In the 4th century,
Christianity
was eventually taken up by the emperor
Constantine
. One of his successors
Julian the Apostate
renounced it for
paganism
and again persecuted the Church. However, by the end of the 4th century, Emperor
Theodosius I
proclaimed Christianity as the
state religion
of the
Roman Empire
.
Note: years before or after the 1st century are in
italics
.
- ↑
Acts 2:24
,
Acts 2:32
,
Acts 3:15
,
Acts 3:26
,
Acts 4:10
,
Acts 5:30
,
Acts 10:40
,
Acts 13:30
,
Acts 13:34
,
Acts 13:37
,
Romans 10:9
,
1 Corinthians 6:14
,
1 Corinthians 15:15
,
Galatians 1:1
,
Colossians 2:12
,
1 Peter 1:21