??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??. ???????? ?? ????? ???? 1920 ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? , ???? ?????. ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????????.

‘????????’ ?? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????. (???- ??????????,????? ???????,????????) ?? ???? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????. ??? - ???????? ?????,AFTRA, ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????. ?????????,???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??.

?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???. ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? msm ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????.

???? ??????? [ ???????? ]

????? [ ???????? ]

????? ????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??.

?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??:

?????????

• The Media: Carriers of Contagious Information
• Peter Medlin, WNIJ, "Illinois Is the First State to Have High Schools Teach News Literacy", National Public Radio, 12 August 2021
• The Evolution of Global Mass Media ???????? ?? ????? 20 ???????? 2023 at the Wayback Machine