?????? ???????(????????? ???????) ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ????, ???? ????.

?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? , ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???(3.6 ???? ????) ?????? . ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????. ???????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????(?????? ?????) ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ^[1]

???? ??????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? P ??????. ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? "???? ????? ???????? ????????" ????. ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? t ?????? ?????? V (??????????)???? ???????? ???? I ???????? ????? ???? ????? Q ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????.

${\displaystyle P={\text{work done per unit time}}={\frac {VQ}{t}}=VI\,}$

????,

Q ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? 

t ??? ???? ????? ????? 

I ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? 

V ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????

???????? ????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????(??????????) ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???. ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????:

• ??????? ?????(Passive devices) ????? ??????  : ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? (?? ?????) ??(+) ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????. ?????? ???????? ???? (??????? ??????- passive components )??? ????????; ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????????, ????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. 
  

• ??????? ?????(Active devices) ????? ?????? : ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? (???? ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????) ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? (Active devices) ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. ?????? ??? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????.
  

????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????. ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????(rechargeable battery) ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????(battery charger) ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

Passive sign convention [ ???????? ]

????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????.. ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????(???????) ????, ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????(???????) ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??(passive sign convention).

?????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????? ?????????????(?(??)?? ?? ????? ) ???? ???? ?? ?????(Joule's law), ?(??)?? ?? ?????(Ohm's law (V = I·R)) ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????(P) ????? ?????????? ????? ?????.

${\displaystyle P=IV=I^{2}R={\frac {V^{2}}{R}},}$

???? R ??? ???????? ?????????????.

?????????????? ?????  [ ???????? ]

????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????(???????) ?????? (real Power) ??? ????????. (???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????.). ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????? (reactive power) ??? ????????. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? P ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.

${\displaystyle P={1 \over 2}V_{p}I_{p}\cos \theta =V_{rms}I_{rms}\cos \theta \,}$

????

Vp ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?, 

Ip ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?, 

Vrms ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? 

Irms ??? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ? 

θ ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????(Sin) ???? ??????? ???? ? ??. 

???? ???????(Real power), ????????????? ???????(Reactive power) ?? ???????? ???????(Apparent power) ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????????  ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??. ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??. ? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????.

${\displaystyle {\mbox{(apparent power)}}^{2}={\mbox{(real power)}}^{2}+{\mbox{(reactive power)}}^{2}}$

?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????(θ) ???? ???????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????. ? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??.

${\displaystyle {\mbox{(real power)}}={\mbox{(apparent power)}}\cos \theta }$

${\displaystyle {\mbox{(reactive power)}}={\mbox{(apparent power)}}\sin \theta }$

???????? ?????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ????????? ?? P = V I ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????.

${\displaystyle P=\int _{S}(\mathbf {E} \times \mathbf {H} )\cdot \mathbf {dA} .\,}$

???????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????.?. 1820 ?? 1830 ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???. ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????????. 

??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??.

?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????.

????? ???(??????)  ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????. ?????.?. 1800 ?? ???????????? ??????( Alessandro Volta ) ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????.?. 1836 ?? ???????? ????( Daniell cell ) ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?????.?. 2005 ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? 6% ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?. ?? ?????? 48 ? ??????? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????  ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????.

???????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????  ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????.

??????  [ ???????? ]

???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ??. ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??.

????? ???????. [ ???????? ]

• ?????? ??????

?????  [ ???????? ]

???????? [ ???????? ]

• Reports on August 2003 Blackout, North American Electric Reliability Council website ???????? ?? ????? 2006-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
• Croft, Terrell; Summers, Wilford I. (1987). American Electricians' Handbook (Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN   0-07-013932-6 . {{ cite book }} : More than one of |ISBN= and |isbn= specified ( help ) ; More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified ( help )
• Fink, Donald G. ; Beaty, H. Wayne (1978). Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN   0-07-020974-X . {{ cite book }} : More than one of |ISBN= and |isbn= specified ( help ) ; More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified ( help ) ; More than one of |authorlink= and |author-link= specified ( help )