???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???, ?? ??? ?????(Rosaceae) Malus domestica ??? ????? ???? ??. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? genus Malus ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????????? ?? “Malus sieversii” ????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???. ???? ????????????? ???????????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ???? 2010 ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???.

????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? 7500 ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??. ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????.

???? 2010 ?? ???? ???? ?????? 69 ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???. ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????????? 6% ?? ??? ???? ??. ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????. ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??.

?????? ??????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ???? 3 ?? 12 ??? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? 5 ?? 12 ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? 3?? 6 ?? ???? ???? ?????????? 2 ?? 5 ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ????????????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? 2.5 ?? 3.5 ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??. ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? 5 ?? 9 ?? ??? ??????????? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??. ? ??? ???????? ??? 1 ?? 3 ??? ?????????? ????? ??.

???? ?????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? Tian Shan ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???. Malus sylvestris ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????, ????????? ????? ???? Malus sieversii ? ??? Malus sylvestris ? ???? ???? ??????.

????????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

???? 2010 ?? ??? Italian-led consortium ?????? ?????, Washington State ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???? ?? Golden delicious ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???. ??? 57000 ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? (30000 ???) ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??. ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? Malus sieversii ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???.

??????? [ ???????? ]

Malus ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??. ????????? ???? ???? 328 ?? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ???. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???. ?????????? ?????? 17 ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???, ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? 1625 ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???. ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? crab apples ????? ??????? common apples ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???. 19 ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? 1845 ?? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? 350?? ?????? ???. 20 ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???.

20 ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????(frostproof cellars) ????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???. 21 ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????????, ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????.

????????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ??????? (Germanic paganism) [ ???????? ]

???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????, Iduna ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? Prose Edda(13 ?? ?? ?????? Snorri Sturluson ?????? ????)?? ??????? ???? ????. ????????? ????? ????????? ?? H. R. Ellis Davidson ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???. ?? ???????? ??? (Oseberg ship) ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.

?? ?????? Vanir ??? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? Vanir ??????? ?? Freyr ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? Skirnir, ????? Gerðr ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 11 ???? ?? Skirnismal ?? 19 ?? ?? 20 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???. ?? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? Volsunga saga ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????. ??? ???? Rerir ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ??? Frigg ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???(???????? ???????) ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? 6 ? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? Volsung ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??.

?? ?????? Davidson ?????? 11 ?? ?? ???????? skald ?? ??????? ????? Apples of Hel ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????. ?? ?? ?????? Nehalennia ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????.

?????? ??????? ??? [ ???????? ]

????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???????? ????? ???, ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? 17 ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???. ????????? ??????, Heracles ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? 12 ?? ???? ??? Hesperides ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??.

?????? ???????? ??? Eris ??? ?????? ?????, Peleus ?? Thetis ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???. ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? Hera, Athena ?? Aphrodite ?????? ??????? ???. ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? (Troy) ?????? (Paris) ????? ??? ??? ???. Hera ?? Athena ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? Aphrodite ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? Sparta ?? Helen ??????? ????????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ????? Aphrodite ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???.

????? ?????????, ???? Aphrodite ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???. Plato ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ??.

"?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????."

Plato

?????? ??????? ?? ?? Atalanta ? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? Hippomenes(Melanion ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? melon ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??) ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? Atalanta ?? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? (????? ????? ?? Aphrodite ?? ?????????) ?????? ????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? Atalanta ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???.

??????? ????????? ????? ????? [ ???????? ]

Book of Genesis ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??. Renaissance ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??.(?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??) Garden of Hesperides ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????, ???????? ??, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??. ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????.

?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ???? 7500 ?? ??? ???????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????. ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ????????? ??????, ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????????? 2000 ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? The University of Reading ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??. ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????, ????? 38 ?? ?????? ?? Malus ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????( ????????? ??????) ??? ??? ???, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??. ????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??.

?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??. ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???. ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ??. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??. ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????.

????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ???. ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??. ????????? 'Cox's Orange Pippin' ?? 'Egremont Russet' ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??.

??????? [ ???????? ]

?? ????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????. ?? ????? ???? ????????????? DNA ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??. ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? (???? ??) ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 2 ? ???????????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ????? 'seedling', 'pippin' ?? 'kernel' ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????. ???? ??? bud sports(??? ????? ????? ?????) ? ???? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????.

1930 ??? ??? Minnesota ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? Wisconsin ?? Minnesota ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ???????? 'Haralson' (Minnesota ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', ?? 'Honeycrisp' ?? ????? ???.

??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????.

???? ??? (Rootstocks) [ ???????? ]

???? 2000 ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??. ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? Aristotle ????? ??? Lyceum ?? ????????? ???? ????.

???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? 20 ?? ?? ???????. ????????? ???????? East Malling Research Station ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????. ?? ???? John Innes ????? ?? Long Ashton Research ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???.

?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? Orchard mason bees ?? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??? Bumblebee queens ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????.

??????? ????? ?? ??? 4 ?? 7 ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????.

• A ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ???? 1 ??? 3 ????? (Gravenstein, Red Astrachan)
• B ??????? ? ???? 4 ??? 7 (Idared, McIntosh)
• C ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? 8 ??? 11 (Granny Smith, Cox's Orange Pippin)
• D ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? 12 ??? 15 (Golden Delicious, Calville blanc d'hiver)
• E ??????? ? ????? ?????, ???? 16 ??? 18 (Braeburn, Reinette d'Orleans)
• F ??????? ? ???? 19 ??? 23 (Suntan)
• H ??????? ? ???? 24 ??? 28 (Court-Pendu Gris) (also called Court-Pendu plat)

??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? (A ??? A, ?? A ??? B, ????? A ??? C or D ????????? ???) ?????? ???? ?? ???.

????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 30 ? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????.

????? ??? ?? ?????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ??. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ( ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????) ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? 40 ? 200 ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? 0 ? ????? ?? ??????? ??. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? 10 ? 80 ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ????.

?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????????? ??? ????. ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? Gala, Golden Supreme, McIntosh, Transparent, Primate, Sweet Bough ?? Duches ?? ??? ???? ????? Fuji, Jonagold, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Chenango, Gravenstein, Wealthy, McIntosh, Snow ?? Blenheim ? ??? ??????? Winesap, Granny Smith, King, Wagener, Swayzie, Greening, ?? Tolman Swee ? ?? ????.

???? ????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???. ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????????? ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? (5 °C ? ???????). Granny Smith ?? Fuji ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???.

?????? ?? ??? [ ???????? ]

???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????, ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???. ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????. ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????.

• ???? (Mildew): ????? ??????? ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. Botrytis ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????.
• ????????? (Aphids): ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ??? apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid ?? the woolly apple aphid ??? ???????? ????. ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????, ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???. ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????.
• ???? ??????? (Apple scab): ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????.

??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? fireblight ?? ????? ????? ?? Gymnosporangium ?? ??? ?? (black spot) ??????? ???. ????? ????(Codling moths) ?? ???? ?????? (apple maggots) ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????.

????????? [ ???????? ]

???? 2010 ?? ???? ???? ?????? 69 ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???. ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????????? 6% ?? ??? ???? ??. 2009 ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????, ???????, ???????, ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????, ???????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???.

???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? 60% ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???. ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????.

?????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??. 1921 ??? fireblight ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??.

2010 ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????

??	????????? (????)	??? ?????
People's Republic of China	33 265 186
United States	4 212 330
Turkey	2 600 000
Italy	2 204 970
India	2 163 400	Im
Poland	1 858 970
France	1 711 230
Brazil	1 275 850
World	69 569 612	A

?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????, ????????, ???????????, ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???.

?????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??. ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? termed dessert ?? table apples ??.

???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????(???????? ????? ????, ?????? ??????) ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ciderkin ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???. ????? ???? applejack, Calvados ?? apfelwein ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???. ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ???.

????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

???? ??? ???? ????, ???? ?? ????, ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? (???????, ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????). Pureed ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????.

• ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? (?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??), ?????? ???? (?????? ????? ????? ??) ??? ????????.
• ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.
• ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??.

???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??. ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???.

?????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???.

?????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? birch ???? ??????????? ??? ????????. ?? ???? ??? birch pollen ???? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???????????? birch pollen ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??. ???? ????????, ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ???? ?????, birch ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???.

????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???. ??? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????.

??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????.

???? ???? [ ???????? ]

????, ????? ??? (???? ?????? ?????)

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	218 kJ (52 kcal)
Carbohydrates	13.81 g
- Sugars	10.39 g
- Dietary fiber	2.4 g
Fat	0.17 g
Protein	0.26 g
Water	85.56 g
Vitamin A equiv.	3 μg (0%)
Thiamine (vit. B 1 )	0.017 mg (1%)
Riboflavin (vit. B 2 )	0.026 mg (2%)
Niacin (vit. B 3 )	0.091 mg (1%)
Pantothenic acid (B 5 )	0.061 mg (1%)
Vitamin B 6	0.041 mg (3%)
Folate (vit. B 9 )	3 μg (1%)
Vitamin C	4.6 mg (6%)
Calcium	6 mg (1%)
Iron	0.12 mg (1%)
Magnesium	5 mg (1%)
Phosphorus	11 mg (2%)
Potassium	107 mg (2%)
Zinc	0.04 mg (0%)
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults.

19 ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? "????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????" ?? ????????????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??. ??. ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? 1904 ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???.

??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???. ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? (ursolic acid) ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? skeletal muscle ???? ??? ??? ?????????, ???????? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? quercetin, epicatechin ?? procyanidin B2 ??????? ???.

???????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? 242 ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? C ????? ????? 126 ???? ??????? ????.

???? ???? ????? ??????? neurotransmitter acetylcholine ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? 10% ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????.

????? [ ???????? ]

Apple - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Apple - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: [1] . Accessed 21 March 2013.

??????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

????

• Browning, F. (1999). Apples: The Story of the Fruit of Temptation . North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-579-3
• Mabberley, D.J. / Juniper, B.E. (2009). The Story of the Apple . Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-172-6

?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????

• Gerhauser, C. “Cancer chemopreventive potential of apples, apple juice, and apple components”, Planta Medica (2008),74(13):1608?1624. ???????? ?? ????? 1 ???????? 2016 at the Wayback Machine
• Hyson, D.A. “A Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their Relationship to Human Health”, Advances in Nutrition. An International Review Journal (2011),2(5):408?420.

????? ???? [ ???????? ]

• Apple Facts ???????? ?? ????? 12 ????????? 2013 at the Wayback Machine from the UK's Institute of Food Research
• National Fruit Collection ???????? ?? ????? 6 ???????? 2020 at the Wayback Machine (UK)
• Brogdale Farm (home of the UK's National Fruit Collection)
• Grand Valley State University digital collections ???????? ?? ????? 4 ????????? 2011 at the Wayback Machine - diary of Ohio fruit farmer Theodore Peticolas, 1863