????????

???????
	Uranus presented a nearly featureless disk to Voyager 2
?????????
??????? ????????	William Herschel
??????? ????	March 13, 1781
?????????
?????????	/ uranus.ogg ? j??r ? n ? s / or / en-us-Uranus.ogg j ? ? r e? n ? s /
???????	Uranian
?????? ?????
	????????? J2000
????????	3,004,419,704 km ; 20.083 305 26 AU
????????	2,748,938,461 km ; 18.375 518 63 AU
??-??? ?????	2,876,679,082 km ; 19.229 411 95 AU
?????????????????	0.044 405 586
?????? ?????????	30,799.095 days ; 84.323 326 yr ; 42,718 Uranus solar days
??????? ?????????	369.66 days
????????? ?????? ????	6.81 km/s
?????????? ????????	142.955 717°
?????	0.772 556° to Ecliptic ; 6.48° to Sun 's equator ; 1.02° to Invariable plane
????? ??????? ????????	73.989 821°
?????????????? ????????	96.541 318°
??????????	27
????? ??????
??? ???	25,559 ± 4 km ; 4.007 Earths
???????? ???	24,973 ± 20 km ; 3.929 Earths
Flattening	0.022 9 ± 0.000 8
Circumference	156,909.98 km [ ?????? ?? ????? ]
?????? ??????? ???????	8.115 6 × 10 9 km 2 ; 15.91 Earths
??????	6.833 × 10 13 km 3 ; 63.086 Earths
???????	(8.6810 ± 0.0013) × 10 25 kg ; 14.536 Earths ; GM =5 793 939 ± 13 km 3 /s 2
?????????? ??????	1.27 g/cm 3
???????? ??????? ????????	8.69 m/s 2 ; 0.886 g
?????? ????????	21.3 km/s
???????? ?????? ?????????	? 0.718 33 day ; 17 h 14 min 24 s
???????? ?????? ????????	2.59 km/s ; 9,320 km/h
????? ?????	97.77°
????? ??????? ?????????	17 h 9 min 15 s ; 257.311°
????? ??????? ??????????	?15.175°
????????????	0.300 ( Bond ) ; 0.51 ( geom. )
?????? ?????????	5.9 to 5.32
????? ?????????	3.3"?4.1"
????????
?????? ??	27.7 km
???????	(Below 1.3 bar)
83 ± 3%	hydrogen (H 2 )
15 ± 3%	helium
2.3%	methane
0.009% ; (0.007?0.015%)	hydrogen deuteride (HD)
Ices :
	ammonia
	water
	ammonium hydrosulfide (NH 4 SH)
	methane (CH 4 )

??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????. ???? ????????. ??? ????????? (???????) ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (???????????) ?? ???? ? ??. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??. ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? 1781 ?????? 13 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ???.

??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??. ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????. ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? , ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ??. ??? ??? ???????? 49K (-224 ^oC) ??? ??. ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??.

??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? (magnetosphere) ?? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??. ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????. ? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????.????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ????? 2007 ?? 2008 ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???. 1986 ?? ??????? 2 ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???.???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??. ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? 250? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???.

???? ????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ????????? 1690 ?? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?????? ???????, ???? 34 ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 6 ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? 1750 ??? 1769 ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????. 1781 ?????? 13 ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???. (?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??) ???? ????? ??? 1781 ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???.

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???.

“

?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? 227 ??. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????. ????? ?? 460 ?? 932 ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????. ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???. ???? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??.

”

?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????.

“

?? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??. ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????????.

”

?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???.

???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? 18 ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????. ?????? - ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????. 1873 ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?. ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? 2000 ? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???.

????? ?? ??????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????????- ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????

??????? ??? ?????? ??????? 84 ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? 3 ?? ??? ??. (AV20 ???) ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? 1/400 ?? ??? ??. ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? 1783 ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 1841 ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????. 1845 ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. 1846 ??????????? 23 ?????? ???????????? ????, ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???.

?????? ????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ?????? ????? ???? 980 ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??. ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??.

????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??. ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? 42 ? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? 42 ?? ?????? ????. ??????????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??????? 2007 ????????? 7 ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???.

????? ????????	???	????? ????????
????? ????? ?????????	1902, 1986	??????? ????? ?????????
????? ??????	1923, 2007	???? ??????
??????? ????? ?????????	1944, 2028	????? ????? ?????????
???? ??????	1965, 2049	????? ??????

??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???. ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???. ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. 1986 ????? 2 ?? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? (International Astronomical Union) ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ? ????????? ?????? ??????? “?????? ????????” ?? ????????? ???? 1986 ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? “??? ????? ???? ???? ????” ???????.

?????? [ ???????? ]

1995- 2006 ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? +5.6 ??? +5.9 ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? +6.5 ? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ????????? ????? 3.4 ? 3.7 ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? 16 ??? 20 ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???. ????? ????????? 15 ? 23cm ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? 25cm ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????.

???????? [ ???????? ]

↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; OED ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; BBCOUP ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
↑ Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day Length" . ??????????? ??????? 13, 2009 .
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 Williams, Dr. David R. (?????? 31, 2005). "Uranus Fact Sheet" . NASA . ??????????? ??????? 10, 2007 .
↑ "The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter" . ???????? 3, 2009. ???????? 20, 2009 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? . ??????????? ???????? 10, 2009 . (produced with Solex 10 written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also Invariable plane )
↑ Yeomans, Donald K. (???? 13, 2006). "HORIZONS System" . NASA JPL . ??????????? ??????? 8, 2007 . ? At the site, go to the "web interface" then select "Ephemeris Type: ELEMENTS", "Target Body: Uranus Barycenter" and "Center: Sun".
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Seidelmann2007 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
↑ Munsell, Kirk (???? 14, 2007). "NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Uranus: Facts & Figures" . NASA . ??????????? ??????? 13, 2007 .
↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Jacobson1992 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; ephemeris ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Podolak1995 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Lunine1993 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
↑ Feuchtgruber, H. (1999). "Detection of HD in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune: a new determination of the D/H ratio". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 341 : L17?L21. Bibcode : 1999A&A...341L..17F . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Lindal1987 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Conrath1987 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

[OED-1] ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; OED ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

[BBCOUP-2] ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; BBCOUP ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

[planet_years-3] Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day Length" . ??????????? ??????? 13, 2009 .

[fact-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 Williams, Dr. David R. (?????? 31, 2005). "Uranus Fact Sheet" . NASA . ??????????? ??????? 10, 2007 .

[meanplane-5] "The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter" . ???????? 3, 2009. ???????? 20, 2009 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? . ??????????? ???????? 10, 2009 . (produced with Solex 10 written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also Invariable plane )

[horizons-6] Yeomans, Donald K. (???? 13, 2006). "HORIZONS System" . NASA JPL . ??????????? ??????? 8, 2007 . ? At the site, go to the "web interface" then select "Ephemeris Type: ELEMENTS", "Target Body: Uranus Barycenter" and "Center: Sun".

[Seidelmann2007-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Seidelmann2007 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

[nasafact-8] Munsell, Kirk (???? 14, 2007). "NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Uranus: Facts & Figures" . NASA . ??????????? ??????? 13, 2007 .

[Jacobson1992-9] ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Jacobson1992 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

[ephemeris-10] ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; ephemeris ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

[Podolak1995-11] ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Podolak1995 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

[Lunine1993-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Lunine1993 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

[Feuchtgruber1999-13] Feuchtgruber, H. (1999). "Detection of HD in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune: a new determination of the D/H ratio". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 341 : L17?L21. Bibcode : 1999A&A...341L..17F . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )

[Lindal1987-14] ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Lindal1987 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

[Conrath1987-15] ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Conrath1987 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

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