??????????? ??????????? , ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? 2?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??. ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??. ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????. ???????? ????, ????????? ??????? ??? , ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????. ????????? ?????? , ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??.

????? ?????? ???? 2?? ???? ???? ????. ????????? (?????? ????) ?? ??????? ( ???? ?????? ?? ????) ??????. ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??. ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???. ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ‘?????? ?? ???? ???’ ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????????? ?? ???.

???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? 1800 ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????????(??? ???? ??????)???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??? ???. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????.

??????? [ ???????? ]

?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ,???? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? 1791??, ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????, ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???. ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???. ?????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????, ??????? ????????. ?????????????? ?????? ????(NaCl(aq)) ????? ?????? ????? Zn ?? Cu ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????.

????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ???????. ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????????.

????? ??? (-) ?????? ?????.(???:-Cl ^- ,SO ₄ ^2- ) ?????? ??? (+) ?????? ?????.(???:-Zn ⁺ ,Cu ²⁺ )

?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ? ????, ????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????, ????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? (-) ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? (+) ?????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????. ?? ???????? ??? H ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????. ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????.

Zn ??? Cu ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? Zn ???????????? Cu ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????. ? ???? Zn ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????, Cu ???????????? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? Cu ?????? ??? Zn ?????? ??????? ????.

Zn ????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????. Zn ? Zn ²⁺ --- E0 _Zn = -0.76V

Cu ????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????. Cu ? Cu ²⁺ --- E0 _Cu = +0.34V

????? ??? ??????????????. Cu ²⁺ + Zn Cu + Zn ²⁺

????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???. E = E0 _Zn - E0 _Cu E = +0.34 ? (-0.76) = +1.10

????????? [ ???????? ]

????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ?????,

• ????? ?? ????????.(Sizes)
• ???? ?????? ?????? ???????.(Reusable)
• ????? ?? ????? ??????.(Energy Density)
• ??????? ??????.(Specific Energy)

?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ??? [ ???????? ]

????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???????????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??????-????? ????? ????????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????.

??????? ??? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????-???? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? LI￢￢￢+ ????????. Ni-Cd,Ni-MH ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????(Specific Energy) ????. ?? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? 10Ah-100Ah ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??.

????? ?? ???????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??. ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????, ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????.

1. 4.5V (3R12) battery
2. D cell
3. C cell
4. AA cell
5. AAA cell
6. AAAA call
7. A23 cell
8. 9V PP3 battery
9. Button cell (CR2032,LR44)

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????? ????. ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.

????? ?? ??????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????. ??? JKg-1 ?? WhKg-1????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ???? ????, ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????.

??????? ?????? = ??????? ???? ??????/ ??????? ??????

????? ?? ????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ??????, GPS ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? Jm-3 ?? Whl-1????? ????? ????.

????? ?????? = ??????? ???? ??????/ ??????? ???? ???????

???? [ ???????? ]

?????? (Battery) ???, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? (Cells) ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ???????, ??????????, ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????. ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????.

????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

??? ????????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? Zn ?? MnO2 ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??????-????? ?? ??????-????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ????????? ?????? Union Carbide Corporation ????? ???????? Lewis Urry ?????? 1950 ?? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? Everady ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???. 1957?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???. ??? ??????? - ?????? ????? ????? Zn ???? ????? ????????. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ??????? ????? + ?????? MnO2 ?? KOH ??????????. KOH ?????? ??? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ??????????????(???????? ??????????????) ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

Zn(s) + 2OH?(aq) → ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e? [e° = -1.28 V]

2MnO2(s) + H2O(l) + 2e? → Mn2O3(s) + 2OH?(aq) [e° = +0.15 V]

E = E0 _{MnO ²} (s) - E0 Zn _(s) =+0.15-(-1.28)=+1.43

?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? 1.5V ??? ?? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????. ???????????? AA ?????????? 700mA ??? ??????? ????? ?????. AAA, AA, C, sub-C, D ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????.

????-???? ????? [ ???????? ]

??? ????-???? ????????????, ????-????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??, ????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ????? ??, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? UPS(Uninterruptible Power Supplies) ???? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? (Wet Cell) ????. ???? ???? H2SO4 ????? ?????. ?????????o? ??? ????(Pb) ???? ??. ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? Pb ???? H2SO4 ??? ???????????????? PbSO4 ?????. ??? ???? ???????.

Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e

PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

???? ?????? ???????? ,????? ?????? PbSO4, ???? Pb ?? PbO2 ??? ????????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? H2SO4 ??????? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????.

PbSO4(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e → Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq)

PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) → PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e

??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? O2 ?? H2 ???? ???? ????? ????.

??????? ??? ????? [ ???????? ]

??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ??, ???? ????????????? ????? (Strip Watch,MP3/4 player, BIOS memory)Electric ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ? ????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ????? C ?? ??? ????????? ?? Graphite ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????.

• lithium cobalt oxide
• lithium iron phosphate
• lithium manganese oxide

?????????????????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? (aqueous) ??????. ???????????, Li ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? Li ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????.

• ethylene carbonate
• diethyl carbonate
• complexes of lithium ions

??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? Li ??? ???? ????????.

• lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)
• lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate (LiAsF6)
• lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)
• lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4)
• lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3)

?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????O?, ???????????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????, ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????.

?????-????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

??? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? 1.2V ??? ????. ??? ????? Sealed ?? Vented ?? ???? ??????? ??????. Sealed ????? ????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????, Emergency light system ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?? Button type cells ?????? ?? BIOS memory, ???? ????? ?? Flasher unit ????????? ?????? ????. Ni-Cd cells ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? Standby Power Supply, ?????????, ???????, Electrical ????? ??, ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????.

???? Ni?Cd ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? Waldemar Jungner ?????? 1899 ???. ??? ????? ????-????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. Ni-Cd ??????? ??????(3) nickel(III) oxide-hydroxide ??????, ?????(4) ????????? ??????, ???????????????????? I potassium hydroxide(KOH)(2) ? ????. ???? ????????????????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??.(1) ????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????.

????? ??? ?????? ??????????????

Cd + 2OH- ?Cd(OH)2 + 2e

??????? ??? ?????? ??????????????. 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O + 2e ? 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH-

2Ni(OH) + Cd +2 H2O ? 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2

??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? KOH ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????.

?????-?????? ??????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

??? ???? ???? Ni-Cd ??????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??? nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) ?????????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? H+ ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. Ni-Cd ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. AA-Size ??????? 1100mAh - 3100mAh ??? ??????????, ??? ??????????? 1.2V ? ??? ????. ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? Electric motarcar ??? ????? ??????????.(General Motors EV1, Honda EV Plus, Ford Ranger EV,Vectrix) ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????.(Toyota Prius, Honda Insight, Ford Escape Hybrid, Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid,Honda Civic Hybrid ). ???? ??????? ???????????? Ni-Cd ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????.

????? ??? ?????? ??????????????.

H2O + M + e ? OH- + MH

(M ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????????????????? MH ?.)

??????? ??? ?????? ??????????????.

Ni(OH)2 + OH- ? NiOOH + H2O + e

??? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????.

????? ????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

( Mercury oxide)

Uthpala Adeesha bandara warshakoon 8- B

??????? ???????? ????? [ ???????? ]

??? ????? ????????? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ???? Strap watch ??? ?????? ????. ???, Mark 37 ?????????, Alfa class ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? 40% ??? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ZnO2 ???? ??????????. ?????? ???????? Ag ????? ????????. ???????????????????? ??? KOH ?? NaOH ?????? ????.

???? ??????? ??????????????,

Zn + Ag2O ? ZnO + 2 Ag ????????.

????????? Ag ???? ????????? ????,

2Ag + 2OH? → Ag2O + H2O + 2e Ag + 2OH? → 2AgO + H2O + 2e

Button Cells [ ???????? ]

??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????. ??? ????? ???????-????????, ???????, ????????? ???? ?????? ??.

?????? ??? [ ???????? ]

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ??? ????????? ???????, ???????/?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????.

????? ???????????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ????? Hg, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cr ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??. ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??. Zn, C ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? 90% ? ???????????????? ?? ?????. ????????? ????-????? ?????, ????????? ????? ?? Button type ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?? ?????. ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? (???:-???? ??????) ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ???????, ???????, ?????? ????????, ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? NOKIA, SONY, TOSHIBA, SAMSUNG, General Electrical ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????? ? ????????? ??.