????????

???????? ???? ???? ??????. Lighter surfaces, such as in recent impacts, grooved terrain and the whitish north polar cap at upper right, are enriched in water ice.
?????????
??????? ????????	??????? ?????
??????? ????	?????? 7, 1610 [1] [2]
?????????
??? ??????	Γανυμ?δη? ??????????
?????? ???	??????? III
???????	????????????
?????? ?????
?????????????	1 069 200  km [lower-alpha 1]
????????????	1 071 600  km [lower-alpha 2]
??-??? ?????	1 070 400  km [3]
?????????????????	0.0013 [3]
?????? ?????????	7.154 552 96   d [3]
????????? ?????? ????	10.880 km/s
?????	2.214° (to the ecliptic ) 0.20° (to Jupiter's equator) [3]
???? ?????????????	??????????
????? ??????
?????????? ???	2 634 .1 ± 0.3 km (??????? ???? 0.413 ??????) [4]
?????? ??????? ???????	8.72 × 10 7  km 2 (??????? ???? 0.171 ??????) [lower-alpha 3]
??????	7.66 × 10 10  km 3 (??????? ???? 0.0704 ??????) [lower-alpha 4]
???????	1.4819 × 10 23  kg (??????? ???? 0.025 ??????) [4]
?????????? ??????	1.936  g/cm 3 [4]
???????? ??????? ????????	1.428  m/s 2 (0.146 g ) [lower-alpha 5]
?????? ????????	2.741 km/s [lower-alpha 6]
?????? ?????????	synchronous
????? ?????	0?0.33° [5]
????????????	0.43 ± 0.02 [6]
??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? K 70 [8] 110 [8] 152 [9]
?????? ?????????	4.61 ( opposition ) [6] 4.38 (in 1951) [7]
????????
??????? ?????	0.2?1.2 μPa [10]
???????	Oxygen [10]

???????? , ???????????? ????????? ???????????. ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ??. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? (7) ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??. ????????, ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????????? 1:2:4 ?????? ??????? ????. ?? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ??.

???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????.???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? 200km ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??. ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? 4?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????????. ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ??? ???.

(magnetosphere) ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????????. ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??. ??? O , O ₂ ?? O ₃ (?????) ???????? ??. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????.??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.

???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? 1610 ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? (cupbearer) ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ???????? 10 ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??. ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????????? (NASA) ???? ????? ?????? 2005 ???????? ?????? ??? ???.

1. ↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; SidereusNuncius ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
2. ↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; NASA ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3} ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; orbit ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 4.2} ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Showman1999 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
5. ↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Bills2005 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; jplfact ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
7. ↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; horizons ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Delitsky1998 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
9. ↑ ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Orton1996 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1} ????????????? ????: ?????? <ref> ????; Hall1998 ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????

????????????? ????: "lower-alpha" ??? ??????? ???? <ref> ??? ????????, ?? ???? <references group="lower-alpha"/> ??? ?????? ?????? ???.