Ludwig Boltzmann
’s
diagram of the I
2
molecule
proposed in 1898 showing
the atomic “sensitive region” (α, β) of overlap
.
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[
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]
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????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? 20 ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ????????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????????, ???????? ????????????, ?????? ????, ??????? ?????????????, ???? ??????, ?????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????.
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(?) ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???. ? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????.????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???. ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???. ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? x ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????????-?????? ????????? ????? ???.
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??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???. ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???.(????????)
? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???. ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ??????????? ??-???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ??????. ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? “???????” ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???. ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??.(???- ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????) ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??. ????????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? “
????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????
” ????? ?????.
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[
????????
]
- Thomas young (Double- Slit experiment) ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? (c 1805)
- Heri be Jquerel ?? ?????????? ???? ?????
- ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? (1897)
- 1850 ??? 1900 ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????.
- ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? (1905) (???? ?????? ??????? ???????) ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???.
- Rovert Millikan ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? (1909)
- Ervest ruterford ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? Plum puddin ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???.
- Ottostin ?? walter gellach?? Stern - Gerloach ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? (1920)
- Clintion Davidsson ?? lasxr Greer ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? (1927)
- Clyd. l. Cowan ?? Fredricj Reive ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? (1955)
- Claus Jounnson ?? ??????????? ?????? Doubesltiy ??????? (1961)
- 1880 ?? Kolaus von Klitizing ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???.
- Alain aspect ????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ????? (1982)