?????

?????
?????
Urdu, Standard Urdu
????
	"Urdu" written in the Nastaliq calligraphic hand
????????	[??rduː] ( ????? )
???????? ?????	India and Pakistan
?????	Hindustani Belt and Deccan (India) ; Whole Country (Pakistan)
?? ?????	Urdu-speaking people
???????? ???????????	51 million (India; 2011 census ) ; 15 million (Pakistan; 2017 census ) ; 691,546 (Nepal; 2011 census ) ; 3 million (international) Secondary speakers: ; 149 million (Pakistan, 2018) ; 12 million (India, 2011) ( date missing )
???? ????	?????-??????? Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Central Zone Western Hindi Hindustani ????? ; ; ; ; ; ;
??? ??????	Shauraseni Prakrit Apabhra??a Old Hindi Hindustani Rekhta ; ; ; ;
??????	Rekhta ; Dhakaiya ; Deccani ; Judeo-Urdu ;
???? ??????	Perso-Arabic ( Urdu alphabet ) ; Urdu Braille ; Roman Urdu (unofficial) ; Hebrew ( Judeo-Urdu - historical) ;
Signed forms	Indo-Pakistani Sign Language Signed Urdu ; Indian Signing System ;
??? ???????
??? ????? ?? ?????	Pakistan ; (?????) ???????? ; (state-additional official) Jammu and Kashmir ; National Capital Territory of Delhi ; Bihar ; Uttar Pradesh ; Jharkhand ; Andhra Pradesh ; Telangana ; West Bengal ;
???????? ?????? ; ??????? ?? ?????	South Africa (protected language)
????? ???? ??????	National Language Promotion Department (Pakistan) ; National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (India)
???? ???
ISO 639-1	ur
ISO 639-2	urd
ISO 639-3	urd
??????????	urdu1245
???????????????	59-AAF-q
	Areas in India and Pakistan where Urdu is either official or co-official Areas where Urdu is neither official nor co-official
	??? ???????? IPA ?????? ????? ?????? ??. ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???, ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????, ????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???. IPA ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????, Help:IPA ?????.

????? ( ?????????: Urdu, / ? ??r d uː / ; ^[12] ????? : ?????? , ALA-LC : Urd? ) ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????-???? ??????? ??. ^[13]^[14]

??? ????? ??? Urdu text ???????? ?. ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???, ??? unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols Urdu script ?????? ??????? ??.

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↑ Carl Skutsch (7 November 2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities . Taylor & Francis. pp. 2234?. ISBN 978-1-135-19395-9 .
↑ Hindustani (2005). Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4 .
↑ "Indo-Pakistani Sign Language", Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
↑ Gaurav Takkar. "Short Term Programmes" . punarbhava.in . 15 November 2016 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? . ??????????? 29 March 2015 .
↑ "Official languages specified in the Constitution of India" . Jagran Prakashan . 29 March 2018.
↑ "Urdu second official language in Andhra Pradesh" . Deccan Chronicles (????????? ????????? ?????). 24 March 2022 . ??????????? 25 March 2022 .
↑ "Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed" . The Hindu (Indian English ?????). 23 March 2022 . ??????????? 1 April 2022 .
↑ "Urdu is Telangana's second official language" . The Indian Express (????????? ????????? ?????). 16 November 2017 . ??????????? 27 February 2018 .
↑ "Urdu is second official language in Telangana as state passes Bill" . The News Minute . 17 November 2017 . ??????????? 27 February 2018 .
↑ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions" . www.gov.za . ??????????? 6 December 2014 .
↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Urdu". Glottolog 2.2 . Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. {{ cite book }}: Invalid |display-editors=4 ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored ( help )
↑ "Urdu" ???????? ?? ????? 19 ?????? 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary .
↑ Urdu language , Encyclopaedia Britannica, 5 December 2019 , https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language , ????????????? 17 October 2020 , "member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or “scheduled,” in the constitution of India."
↑ Urdu (n) , Oxford English Dictionary, June 2020 , https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/220414?redirectedFrom=urdu#eid , ????????????? 11 September 2020 , "An Indo-Aryan language of northern South Asia (now esp. Pakistan), closely related to Hindi but written in a modified form of the Arabic script and having many loanwords from Persian and Arabic."

????? ????? [ ???????? ]

????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????
	????????? ?????? ???? ????????
	??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????
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	?????????? ?????? ????? ????????
	?????????? ?????? ?????? ???
	???????? ?????? ???????

????? at Curlie
Directory of Urdu websites .
Type in Urdu
Urdu Scholarship-Maldonado Garcia
Urdu Digital Library
????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ????
The Urdu Latin alphabet by Adnaan Mahmood
Haruf-e-Tana by Punya Pranava Pasumarty
shanurdu ^{[
permanent dead link
]} By Maqbool Jahangir

[Skutsch2013-1] Carl Skutsch (7 November 2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities . Taylor & Francis. pp. 2234?. ISBN 978-1-135-19395-9 .

[ELL2-2] Hindustani (2005). Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4 .

[3] "Indo-Pakistani Sign Language", Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics

[4] Gaurav Takkar. "Short Term Programmes" . punarbhava.in . 15 November 2016 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? . ??????????? 29 March 2015 .

[5] "Official languages specified in the Constitution of India" . Jagran Prakashan . 29 March 2018.

[6] "Urdu second official language in Andhra Pradesh" . Deccan Chronicles (????????? ????????? ?????). 24 March 2022 . ??????????? 25 March 2022 .

[7] "Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed" . The Hindu (Indian English ?????). 23 March 2022 . ??????????? 1 April 2022 .

[8] "Urdu is Telangana's second official language" . The Indian Express (????????? ????????? ?????). 16 November 2017 . ??????????? 27 February 2018 .

[9] "Urdu is second official language in Telangana as state passes Bill" . The News Minute . 17 November 2017 . ??????????? 27 February 2018 .

[10] "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions" . www.gov.za . ??????????? 6 December 2014 .

[Glottolog-11] Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Urdu". Glottolog 2.2 . Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. {{ cite book }}: Invalid |display-editors=4 ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored ( help )

[:0-12] "Urdu" ???????? ?? ????? 19 ?????? 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary .

[Britannica-Oct-2020-Urdu-13] Urdu language , Encyclopaedia Britannica, 5 December 2019 , https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language , ????????????? 17 October 2020 , "member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or “scheduled,” in the constitution of India."

[OED-June2020-Urdu-14] Urdu (n) , Oxford English Dictionary, June 2020 , https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/220414?redirectedFrom=urdu#eid , ????????????? 11 September 2020 , "An Indo-Aryan language of northern South Asia (now esp. Pakistan), closely related to Hindi but written in a modified form of the Arabic script and having many loanwords from Persian and Arabic."

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