???????
??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???. ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??. ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???. ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??, ?????? ???? ??????? 2%- 3%? ?????? ????, ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? 8%- 9% ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????.
???????? ????????
[
????????
]
???????? ???????
[
????????
]
??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??. ????????? ??? ?????? 1970 ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????
????? 20,100,200,??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??. ????????? ??? ???????????,???????? ???? ???? 1980 ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
??????? ???????
[
????????
]
??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????.
??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????
[
????????
]
??? ????? ?????? ??
???-?????????? ??? ??????, ???????? ??? ??????
G.D.P ??????? ?????? ??
???????? ????????
[
????????
]
??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?.
- ????????? ????? ???????
- ?????????? ????? ?? ???????
????????? ????? ???????
[
????????
]
?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??.???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? .???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???.
????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????
[
????????
]
- ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???
- ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???
- ????? ?????? ????? ???
- ??????? ?????? ??? ???
- ???? ????????? ??? ???
??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????.???? ?????? ???? ????,????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??.
????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??
????,
- ????? ???? ?????????
- ??????? ???? ?????????
????? ???? ?????????
[
????????
]
AD=C+I+G+NX NX=(X-M)
AD-????? ??????
C-?????????
I-??????
G-??????? ??????
NX-????? ???????
???? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????.?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
??????? ???? ?????????
[
????????
]
????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????.???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???.???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???.
?????????? ????? ?? ???????
[
????????
]
?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???.?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??.
?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? 04??.
- ???????? ????? ?? ???????
- ??? ????? ?? ???????
- ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
- ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????
???????? ????? ?? ???????
[
????????
]
???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????.
??? ????? ?? ???????
[
????????
]
????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??.???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???.
????????? ????? ???????
[
????????
]
??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???.?? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???.
?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????.???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????.??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????,????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????.??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??.
-???????????? ??????
-?????????? ??????
-???????????? ??????
[
????????
]
??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???.????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???,????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??.??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????,??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??.??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???,??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???
????????? ????.????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???.????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????.
-?????????? ??????
[
????????
]
?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????.?? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???,????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????.
?????????? ????? ?? ???????
[
????????
]
???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????.?? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???.
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????.?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??.??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????.
- ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????
- ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???.
??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????.??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????.
-???????? ??????? ???????
[
????????
]
?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????.?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???.????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????,????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??.
-??????? ????? ?? ???????
[
????????
]
??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????.??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????,??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????.???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??.?????????????? ?? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????,???????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????.????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????.????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????.?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???,?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???,???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??.????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??.
???????? ???????????
[
????????
]
??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??.??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ,???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??.??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??.?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????,?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????.???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??.??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????.??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??.??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????.
- ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???.
?????? ??????? ????? ??????(??????) ??? ???? ????? ??????,??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????.????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????.?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??.??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????.
- ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????.?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??.???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???(-) ????? ???.???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????.???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??.????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??.
- ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???
?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????,????? ??? ?????? ???? ????.??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????.???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????.?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ????.??? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????.?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????.
- ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??.
?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????.????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????,??? ??????? ??????????? ????.????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??.???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????,?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??.
??? ?????? ?????????
[
????????
]
??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????
krugerrond ??????? ?? Sovereign ???? 3 ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???.
??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. 1 000 000 000 (?????? 1) ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????.
1923 ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? 100 ?????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? (Reichboke) 32,776,899,763,734,490,417.05 ? (???????? ????? ?????? 33 ?? ???? ??? ?? Qwrtrillion ???????????????? 33 ?? )
?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? 1964 ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? 100 ? ????????? (??? ??? 10 ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???. ?????? 1021 ????? ?????????) ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? (penigo) ?????? 500 ???? ??????? ?????? (rugoselev diner) 1 ?? ??? ???????? ???. ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????. ????? ??????? 41 900 000 00 000 000% (4.9 ×10 16) - ????? ?????? ????????? 42 ?? ??? ????? 1946 ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???.
??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????????. ????? ?????? 10 ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? 12 ????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? 2005 ?????? 1 ?????? ??????? ( ) ???? ( ) ????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? 1 ?? ??? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????. ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???.
???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???. ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????.
??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???. ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ?????? ?????? ????? "????" ?????? ???? ????????? ??????.
????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??.
???????? ?????? ?????? ????? (??????, ??????? ?? ??????)
??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????
??? ?? ?????? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????.
????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????
??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????.
??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????
[
????????
]
???? ?? ????? ?????.????
??????? ??????????? ???????
????? ???????????? ???? ???????
??????? ??????????? ???????
[
????????
]
?????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??.???? ????? ???? ???? ??????
MV=PT ????,
M-????? ??????
V-????? ????? ????????
P-??? ?????
T-????????? ??????
??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????
????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???
???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???.V??T ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? V??T??? ?? ??? V ??? ?? ???.????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ????.????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????.
????? ???????????? ???? ???????
[
????????
]
???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???,
????? ????=????? ????
????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????,?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????,
????? ?????
?????
?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????.????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??.????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??.????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??.???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??.????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ????.
????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????.????? ????? ?????? ??????.???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????.???? ?? ????? ????? ??.????? ???/????? ??? ???,??????,???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.???? ????? ??? ???.????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.
???????? ???????
[
????????
]
??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???.
- ???????? ???????
- ????????? ???????
???????? ???????
[
????????
]
??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???.??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????,
?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???
??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???
??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????
???????? ?????????.
????????? ???????
[
????????
]
??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???.
???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????.
??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????
[
????????
]
????????
??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ????. ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??.
???????????
??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???
??????
??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???.???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????.
???? ?????????
??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??
???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?.??.??. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???
?????? ????
??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???
????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????
?????? ????? ???? ?????
??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??, ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??.
??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
[
????????
]
??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????.
??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???.
??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???.???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??.
??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????
????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???,?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????,??? ??? ?????,??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????.
????? ??????? ???? ?????
??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????
????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???
- ?????? ???? ?????
- ???? ??? ?????
- ?????????? ??? ?????
???????? ???? ????
[
????????
]
?