?????? ??????

????? ???????? ?????
?????????? ??????
?????? ??????
Anton Chekhov
Chekhov seated at a desk
??? 29 ?????? 1860 ( 1860-01-29 )
Taganrog, ???????
???? 15 July 1904 (1904-07-15) (??? 44)
Badenweiler, ?????? ??????????
??????? ?? ?????? Novodevichy ????? ?????
??????? ??????????, ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????
????????? ????????
?????

???????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ???? ????????? [1] ??? ??????? ????. ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????????????, ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????.?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???. ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? "?????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????, ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????" " [2] ??? ??????? ??????.

1896 ?? ?????? ?? The Seagull ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ???, 1898 ?? ??? ?????????, ????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ????. ???????? ??? ????, ???????? " Uncle Vonya " ??? ?????? ?????????? ?, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? " Three sisters " ?? " The cherry Orchard " ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?.

?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???. ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????. ??? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????. [3]

?????????? [ ???????? ]

??? ???? [ ???????? ]

ඇන්ටන් පැවිලොවික් චෙකොව් උපන් නිවස
?????? ???? ????
???? ?????? 1882 ??
????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ,19 ?? ????? ??????? ??, ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????.
???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????
???? ?????? (??) ?? ?????? ???????? ??? 1882 ??
?????? ???? ?? ??????? 1890, ( ??? ?????, ??? ??? ?????") ??????, ????????????,????; ( ???? ????? ) ????????,????? ????????,????,??,??????? ????????; ( ??? ????? ) ????, ??????
???????? ????????? ?????, ????? ???? , ?????????, ?? ???
??????????, ????????? ????????????
?????? ?????? 1893 ??
????? ?????? : " ?????? ???????? ???????"
?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??, 1900
?????? ?? ????? , 1901, ??????? ??? ????????

?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? 1860 ?????? ?? 29 ?? ???, ???????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????.????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??. ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????. ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???, ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ???? "???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????" ?? ???? ??. " [4] ?????? ???????? ?????? ??, ?? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????.

"?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??. ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???, ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???" [5] [6]

?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? gymnasium ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???. ????????? ?????? gymnasium ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ???. 1892 ?? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? "??????"?? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ????? :

"?? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? "May my prayer be exalted",?? "The Archangel's Voice" ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????" [7]

????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???.

?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? 1876 ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???. [8] ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. ? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????. [9] ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???? ???????.

?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????.??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????. [10] ??? ???? ?????? ????? "The cherry Orchard " ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????. [11] ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. [11] ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????. ??? ??????????? , ???????? , ????????? ?? ?????????? [12] [13] ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????. ??? "Fatherless" ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? "???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????" ???? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ? ????????? ??????. [11]

1879 ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? A.I Sechneov First Moscow State ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????. [14]

??????? ????? ???? ????? [ ???????? ]

?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????. [15] ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????, ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. "Antosha Chekhonte" (Антоша Чехонте) ?? "Man without a Spleen" (Человек без селезенки) ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????. 1882 ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? "Oskolki ( Fragments )" ??? ?????? ???? ???????. [16] ???????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???.

1884 ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????. [17] 1884 ?? 1885 ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 1886 ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???. ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????. ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????. ?? ???????? "?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????" [18] ???? ??? ???? ??. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???. 1886 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???????? Novoye Vremya (New Times) ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????. [19] ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????.

??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? "The Huntsman" [20] ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????. "??? ????? ??????? ??????????. ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??" ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????.

???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? "?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????, ?? ????????, ????????? ????, ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? [21] "?? ???????. ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. [22] ???? ????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. 1887 ?? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? "At Dusk (V Sumerkakh)" ??? ???? ??? ???????? "??? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????" [23] ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???.

??????? ???? [ ???????? ]

??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? [24] ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? [ The Steppe ] , "??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ????" ???? ???????. ???? ??? Severny Vestnik (The Northern Herald). ?????? ????????? ??? ???. ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????. The Steppe ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????. [25] ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????.

1887 ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? Ivanov ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???. ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. ???????? ?????? Ivanov ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? " Chekhov's gun " ??? ???????? ???. "???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????." [26] [27]

????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? 1889 ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? A Dreary Story ???? ????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????. [28] [29] ??????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????. ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???.

??????? (Sakhalin) [ ???????? ]

1890 ?? ?????? ???????? ????, ???????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??????????, ???? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???. [30] [31]

"???????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ?????????, ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????." [32]


???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????.

??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????. ????-????, ??????????????? ???? ??????, ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????. "????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? [33] [34] "?? ??? ?????.

?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????. ???????? ???? ?????? 1893 ?? 1894 ?? Ostrov Sakhalin (??????? ???? ) ????? ????????? ??? ???. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???. [35] [36] ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? The Murder [37] ?? Hell of Sakhalin ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 1Q84 [38] ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.

???????? (Melikhovo) [ ???????? ]

1892 ?? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? 1899 ?? ???? ???? ????. "???? ???????? ??? ?????? " ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??? ?? ??. ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? 1892 ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? [17] [39] ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????.

???????? ??????, ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ????.

"?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???. ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????" [4]

?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????. ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? Peasants ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. "??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????" [40]

?????? The Seagull ??????? ???? ?????? 1894 ??, ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ????????????????, ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????. ?? ????? Three Sisters ?????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????/?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.

The Seagull ???????? ???? ????????? ????? 1896 ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ??????????. ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???. ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. [41] ????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 1898 ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? [42] ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ????????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???. [43] ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? 1896 ?? ???? ??? ?? Uncle Vanya ??? ??????? ???????? ???.

????? (Yalta) [ ???????? ]

1897 ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???. ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????????, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????.

1898 ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? , ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? , ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????. [44] [45] ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????. Three Sisters ?? The Cherry Orchard ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???. [46]

1901 ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. [47] ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???????.

???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????

??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????. ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????. 1902 ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??. [48]

????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? " The Lady with the Dog " [49] (????? ????? ?? ???????) ???? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? , ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????.

???? [ ???????? ]

1904 ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? "??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????". ???? ?? 03 ?????? ?????? ????? ??? Black Forest ?? Badenweiler ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????. [50]

????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????.

"?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? (??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????) "Ich sterbe" ("?? ??? ????") ??????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ???? ???? camphor ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???. ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? "?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????" ???? ???????. ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???. ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????" [51]

?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????????. ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. [52] ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???. [53] [54]

????? [ ???????? ]

??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???. [55] ??????? ???????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??.


??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? The Cherry Orchard ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ???????????? ???? ????????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ???. ???? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?, [56] ????. ????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? , ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???.

???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ????? ?????????? ?? Heartbreak House ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????" ?? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????????, ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????. "?????? ??? ????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????"

?????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????. ?????????????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???. ???????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ????????, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???.

?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????. ???????? ???? ???? "Errand" ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????.

???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ???? ????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????.

???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????. "?????? ??? ??????? 6?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???". ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? , ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???, ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? [57] ???????? " The Lady with the Dog " ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????.

????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? The Common Reader (1925) ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????.

??????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????? : ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ( Anton Chekhov bibliography )

?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? [ ???????? ]

??????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ "??????? ????????; ?????? ??????" . ???????????????? ??????????? . ??????????? 14 ???? 2008 .
  2. ↑ ????????? ????????? ???? ????, 11 1888 ???????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  3. ↑ "?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????. ? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?. ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????." ????????? ???? ????, 1888 ?????????? . ?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????, 1920.
  5. ↑ ?????? ???????????? ? ???? ???? 1889 ??????, ??????? ???? p. 102.
  6. ↑ ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???: "?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???. ?? ?? ???? ????????? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???, ? ??? ???? ??? ???????.." ???????? ?? ???? ???? 1894 ??????27 . ?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  7. ↑ ???. ??? ??????????? ???? ?????, 1892 ?????? 9 . ?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  8. ↑ ???????? ??? ????????????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ????????, 31
  9. ↑ 1877 ???? 10 ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  10. ↑ ???????, 25.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 ?????? (Payne), XX.
  12. ↑ 1876 ???? 10 ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  13. ↑ ????????, 26.
  14. ↑ ????????, 69.
  15. ↑ ????, 79.
  16. ↑ ????????, 91.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 ???????, 26.
  18. ↑ 1886 ???????? 6 ?? ??? ???.? ????????? ???? ?????. '?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  19. ↑ ????????, 128.
  20. ↑ The Huntsman . . 2007 ???????? ?? ???? ??????????.
  21. ↑ ???????, 32?3.
  22. ↑ ?????? (Payne), XXIV.
  23. ↑ ???????? 160.
  24. ↑ ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? 1887 ???????? ?? 7 ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  25. ↑ " The Steppe , ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? The Steppe ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????. ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??. ." ??????? 147.
  26. ↑ ????????, 203.
  27. ↑ ????????, 190.
  28. ↑ A Dreary Story . . ??? ??????? 2007 ???????? 16 .
  29. ↑ ????????, 186?91.
  30. ↑ ????????, 223.
  31. ↑ ????????, 224.
  32. ↑ 1890. ???? ?? 20 ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  33. ↑ ????, 85.
  34. ↑ ???????? 230.
  35. ↑ ???????, 125.
  36. ↑ ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????.." ???????? , 229.
  37. ↑ The Murder . . 2007 ???????? ?? 16 ?? ??? ???? ??????????.
  38. ↑ ???????, ?????. 1Q84. ????????? ?. ??????: ??????????, 2011.
  39. ↑ ??????(Payne), XXXI.
  40. ↑ Note-Book . . ?????????? 2007 ???????? 16 .
  41. ↑ ????????, 394?8.
  42. ↑ ???????, ????????????????: ???????????? (An Introduction) , 25.
  43. ↑ ???????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???. ????, 11.
  44. ↑ ????? ??????? , ???????? , ?????????, Dear Writer, Dear Actress , 37, 270.
  45. ↑ ????????? 2.
  46. ↑ ???????, 170?71.
  47. ↑ "??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????. ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????." 1901 ???????? ?? 19?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????.
  48. ↑ ????????, Dear Writer, Dear Actress: ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? .
  49. ↑ ??????????, ????????? (2010 ???????? 2). "?????? ???? ???? (The House That Chekhov Built )". ????????? ??????????? (Evening Standard) . p. 31. {{ cite news }} : |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) ; Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= ( help ) ; Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= ( help )
  50. ↑ 1904???? ?? 28 ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? .
  51. ↑ ????? ??????? , ???????? , ?????????, Dear Writer, Dear Actress , 284.
  52. ↑ ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????. The Antioch Review , 1995
  53. ↑ ???????, 91; ???????????? ???????? Reminiscences of Anton Chekhov -?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? 2007 ???????? 16 February
  54. ↑ "?????????? ????? ?????" . Passport ????? . ???????? 2008 . ??????????? 12 ??????????? 2013 .
  55. ↑ ??????(Payne), XXXVI.
  56. ↑ ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ??????? "???? ?????????" ?? "?????? ?????????" ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????????: "Children", "The Chorus Girl", "A Play", "Home", "Misery", "The Runaway", "In Court", "Vanka", "Ladies", "The Malefactors", "The Boys", "Darkness", "Sleepy", "The Helpmate", ?? "The Darling";?????? ????????????: "A Transgression", "Sorrow", "The Witch", "Verochka", "In a Strange Land", "The Cook's Wedding", "A Tedious Business", "An Upheaval", "Oh! The Public!", "The Mask", "A Woman's Luck", "Nerves", "The Wedding", "A Defenseless Creature", ?? "Peasant Wives". ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ? ????????, p. 595.
  57. ↑ ????, 82.
  58. ↑ ????????, ??????? (1997). Anton Chekhov: A Life . ISBN   0-00-255503-4 .

???????? [ ???????? ]

  • ????, ??????, Performing Chekhov , ?????????(?????? ?????), 2001, ISBN 978-0-415-18934-7
  • ??????????, ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? (???????? ), Chekhov: A Life in Letters , Penguin Books, 2004, ISBN 978-0-14-044922-8
  • ??????????, ??????????, Chekhov: Scenes from a Life , Free Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7432-3074-2
  • ????????, ???? (???????? ?? ????????) Dear Writer, Dear Actress: The Love Letters of Olga Knipper and Anton Chekhov , Methuen ???????? ?????, 1998 ????????, ISBN 978-0-413-72390-1
  • ????????, ????, Stanislavski: An Introduction , Methuen Drama, 1989 ????????, ISBN 978-0-413-50030-4
  • ??????, ?????? , About Love and Other Stories , ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????, 2004, ISBN 978-0-19-280260-6
  • ??????, ??????, The Undiscovered Chekhov: Fifty New Stories , ????????? ????? ?????????????? , Duck Editions, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7156-3106-5
  • ??????, ??????, Easter Week , ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? , ??????? ???? ?????, Shackman Press, 2010
  • ??????, ??????, Forty Stories , ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? , ??????????, ???????? , 1991 ????????, ISBN 978-0-679-73375-1
  • ??????, ??????, Letters of Anton Chekhov to His Family and Friends with Biographical Sketch , ????????? ??????????? ??????? , ?????????, 1920. Full text at Gutenberg. ?????????? 2007 ???????? 16 .
  • ??????, ??????, Note-Book of Anton Chekhov, ????????? ???.???. ????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? , ??.??????? ???????? 1921. Full text at Gutenberg. ?????????? 2007 ???????? 16
  • ??????, ??????, The Other Chekhov , ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? , ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ?????, ???????????? ????, ???? ?????????, ????? ???????????, ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? , ???? ???????, ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ????????. New American Press, 2008 ????????, ISBN 978-0-9729679-8-3
  • ??????, ??????, Seven Short Novels , ????????? ??????? ?????????????, ???????. ??????? ?? ?????, 2003 ????????, ISBN 978-0-393-00552-3
  • ??????, ?????? ??., Chekhov's 'Steppe': A Metapoetic Journey , Anton Chekhov Rediscovered ???? ?? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ???? ??????, 1988, ISBN 99998-388-5-5
  • ??????, ?????? ??., Seeing Chekhov: Life and Art , Cornell UP, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8014-4315-2
  • ???????, ??????? , Anton Chekhov , ???????????, (1923) 1974 ????????, ISBN 978-0-356-04609-9
  • ?????? ????????, ???????????? ???????? ?? ???.? ??????, Reminiscences of Anton Chekhov ,????????? ???.???. ????????????? and [[???????? ??????], ??.??????? ????????, 1921. Read at eldritchpress. ?????????? 2007 ???????? 16 .
  • ???????, ???? ?? ???? ????(eds), The Cambridge Companion to Chekhov , ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????, 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-58917-8
  • ???????, ????? ??????, Dostoevsky in Chekhov's Garden of Eden?'Because of Little Apples', ?? Dialogues with Dostoevsky , ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????, 1993, ISBN 978-0-8047-2120-2
  • ?????????, ??????? ???. , Chekhov's Lie , 1997, ISBN 1-888799-12-9 . ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? .
  • ???????, ?????? , Reading Chekhov, a Critical Journey , ??????? ????????, 2004 ????????, ISBN 978-1-86207-635-8
  • ???????, ????????? (ed), Chekhov on the British Stage , ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????, 1993, ISBN 978-0-521-38467-4
  • ????????, ??????????, Anton Chekhov , ?? Lectures on Russian Literature , Harvest/HBJ ???????, [1981] 2002 ????????, ISBN 978-0-15-602776-2 .
  • ?????, ??????, Chekhov's Leading Lady: Portrait of the Actress Olga Knipper , ??. ??????, 1979, ISBN 978-0-7195-3681-6
  • ???????, ????????, Learning from Chekhov , ?? Writers on Writing , ed. Robert Pack and Jay Parini, UPNE, 1991, ISBN 978-0-87451-560-2
  • ????????, ??????? , Anton Chekhov: A Life , ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, 1998, ISBN 978-0-8050-5747-8
  • ????????, ???????? ??., Chekhov: A Biography , ?????? ???????????????? ??????????, (1962) 1970 edition, ISBN 978-0-226-75805-3
  • ????????????????, ?????????????, My Life in Art , Methuen Drama, 1980 ????????, ISBN 978-0-413-46200-8
  • ????????, ???? ?????? , Modern Drama in Theory and Practice , ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????, 1981, ISBN 978-0-521-29628-1
  • ????, ??????, What Chekhov Meant by Life , ?? The Broken Estate: Essays in Literature and Belief , ????????, 2000 ????????, ISBN 978-0-7126-6557-5
  • ??????, ????, The Plays of Anton Chekov , ??????????? ?????, ???????, ??????????, NY, 1945.
  • ????????, ??, ???, La Luna e morta e lo specchio infranto. Miti letterari del Novecento , vol.1- ??. ??????? ????, 2009? ISBN 978-88-8231-491-0 .

????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

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