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1940,1950 ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ?????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???. ^[7]1949 ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????(?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????)??????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???. ^[8]????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? , ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???. ^[8]1940-1950 ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???.1954 ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???.1956 ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ^[8] 1958 ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? 1959 ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????. 1960 ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? 15 ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???.??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? 913 ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???.???? ??? 8 ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? 51 ????? ?????? ??? ?????? 101 (2012 ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? 784.2 ?? ) ???????? ?????? ????? ????? 4 ?? ?????? ???. ^[9]). ^[10]^[11] ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ^[12]2009 ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???.

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??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? 172 ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? 81 ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????.??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ????. ^[13] ^[14]??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? 1.175 ????????? ?????.

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??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??. ^[15]

?????????? (2008)
????????? (2011)
????????? (1974)
???? (1961)
???? (1999)
??????????? (1962)
????? ???? (1962)
????????? ????????? (1973)
???????? (1974)
???????? (1999)
??? ????????? (1977)
??????????? ?????(?)? (1999)
???????????? (2008)
???????? (1978)
?????????? (2002)
??????(?)?? (1975)
????????????? (2008)
????????? (1975)
??????? (1977)
???????? (1993)
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? (1994)
????????? (2007)
????? ??????? (1973)
?????????????? (1975)
??????? (1974)
????????? (1979)
????????? (1977)
??????? (1973)

??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? [ ???????? ]

??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??. ^[15]

??????? (1994)
??????? (1994)
???? ?'?????? (1992)
?????????? (1991)
??????(?) (1991)
?????????? (1989)
????? ???? ??????? (2003, ???????? ????????? ??? )
?????????? (1992)

?? ?????? ????? [ ???????? ]

Bretton Woods system

???????? [ ???????? ]

↑ International Development Association. "What is IDA?" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .
↑ Coppola, Damon P. (2011). Introduction to International Disaster Management, 2nd Edition . Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-75-067982-4 .
↑ Sanford, Jonathan E. (2002). "World Bank: IDA Loans or IDA Grants?" . World Development . 30 (5): 741?762 . ??????????? 2012-08-02 .
↑ Dreher, Axel; Sturm, Jan-Egbert; Vreeland, James Raymond (2009). "Development aid and international politics: Does membership on the UN Security Council influence World Bank decisions?" . Journal of Development Economics . 88 (1): 1?18 . ??????????? 2012-08-02 .
↑ "World Bank (IBRD & IDA) Lending" . Bank Information Center . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .
↑ Moss, Todd; Standley, Scott; Birdsall, Nancy (2004). "Double-standards, debt treatment, and World Bank country classification: The case of Nigeria" (PDF) . Center for Global Development. 2012-05-28 ??? ???? ????? (PDF) ?????? ???????? ??? ??? . ??????????? 2012-07-02 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )
↑ International Development Association. "History of IDA" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Gwin, Catherine (1997). "U.S. Relations with the World Bank, 1945-1992". in Kapur, Devesh. The World Bank: Its First Half Century . Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute.
ISBN 0-8157-5234-2
.
↑ "CPI Inflation Calculator" . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . ??????????? 2012-06-20 .
↑ International Development Association. "IDA: Historic Timeline" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .
↑ International Development Association (1960). IDA Articles of Agreement (PDF) (Report). World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .
↑ "Forgotten sibling" . The Economist. 2009-04-23 . ??????????? 2012-07-02 .
↑ International Development Association. "Borrowing Countries" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .
↑ World Bank Group. "Member Countries" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-14 .
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 International Development Association. "IDA Graduates" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-03 .

????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

[IDA_Overview_2012-1] International Development Association. "What is IDA?" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .

[Coppola_2011-2] Coppola, Damon P. (2011). Introduction to International Disaster Management, 2nd Edition . Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-75-067982-4 .

[Sanford_2002-3] Sanford, Jonathan E. (2002). "World Bank: IDA Loans or IDA Grants?" . World Development . 30 (5): 741?762 . ??????????? 2012-08-02 .

[Dreher_et_al._2009-4] Dreher, Axel; Sturm, Jan-Egbert; Vreeland, James Raymond (2009). "Development aid and international politics: Does membership on the UN Security Council influence World Bank decisions?" . Journal of Development Economics . 88 (1): 1?18 . ??????????? 2012-08-02 .

[BIC_World_Bank_Lending_2012-5] "World Bank (IBRD & IDA) Lending" . Bank Information Center . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .

[Moss_et_al._2004-6] Moss, Todd; Standley, Scott; Birdsall, Nancy (2004). "Double-standards, debt treatment, and World Bank country classification: The case of Nigeria" (PDF) . Center for Global Development. 2012-05-28 ??? ???? ????? (PDF) ?????? ???????? ??? ??? . ??????????? 2012-07-02 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )

[IDA_History_2012-7] International Development Association. "History of IDA" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .

[Gwin_1997-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Gwin, Catherine (1997). "U.S. Relations with the World Bank, 1945-1992". in Kapur, Devesh. The World Bank: Its First Half Century . Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute.
ISBN 0-8157-5234-2
.

[BLS_2012-9] "CPI Inflation Calculator" . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . ??????????? 2012-06-20 .

[IDA_Timeline_2012-10] International Development Association. "IDA: Historic Timeline" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .

[IDA_Articles_of_Agreement_1960-11] International Development Association (1960). IDA Articles of Agreement (PDF) (Report). World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .

[The_Economist_2009-12] "Forgotten sibling" . The Economist. 2009-04-23 . ??????????? 2012-07-02 .

[IDA_Borrowers_2012-13] International Development Association. "Borrowing Countries" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-01 .

[WBG_Member_Countries_2012-14] World Bank Group. "Member Countries" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-14 .

[IDA_Graduates_2012-15] 15.0 ^15.1 International Development Association. "IDA Graduates" . World Bank Group . ??????????? 2012-07-03 .

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