????????????? ( ?????????:  Astronaut) ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????.????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????.???? ???????????,??????????,??????????????? ?? ???????? ? ?????.

???? ??????? [ ???????? ]

?????????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????? 2003 ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????.?? ?????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????.????? 2004 ?????? (????????)?????? ?????? ???? (spaceShipOne) ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????????????? ?? ???????? ???????.????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? NASA ?? Russian Federal Space Agency ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. federation Aeronautique Internationale(FAI) ???? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? 100km(???????? 62) ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????.???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 80km(???????? 50)??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????. 2008 ???? 31 ?? ??? ????? 39? ????????? 482?? 100km ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? 479?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??. ?????? ?????? ????????? 24 ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??.?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??.(??????,?????? ?? ?????) ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? 488 ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??. ???? ?????????????? ???????? ??? 30,400 ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??? 100?? ??? ?????? ??. 2008 ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??.?????????? . ??? ??? 803 ??? 9 ???????? 39 ?? ??????? 2.2 ???????? ?? ?? ??.????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??.??????? . ?? ??? 377 ???????? ?? ?? ??.

?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?.??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? 1961 ???????? 12 ???????? 1 ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??.??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??. ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? .

?? ??? ???? ??? ????? 1963 ???? ?? ???????? 6 ????? ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? 1961 ???? 5 ???. ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? 1983 ???? 18 ???? ?????, Space Shuttle Challenger's ??????? STS-7 ?????????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? 8 ???? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ? ???.??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? 1985 ???. ?????? 2003 ???????? 15 ?? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ?? 5 ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???.??? ????? ???? ???? . ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? (???????????????) 1978 ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???? (?????????) 1980 ???? 23 ?????? 37 ???????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? 1980 ???. (?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? 1985 ??) ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? 1988 ???. ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? 9 ?? ?? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? 1991 ???. ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? 1991 ???. 2002 ?? ???? ?????????? ,?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????? 2003 ???.

?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? 2 ?????? ???? ?????.???? ???? ??? ??????? 25 ??.?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? STS-95 ?????? ?????.???? ???? ??? ??????? 77 ??. ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?.??? 438 ??? ???????? ?? ????. ??????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? 401,056km ???? 13 ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?.

?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??. ??????????(????? massachusetts Institute Of technology), 1983 STS-9 ?????. ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? 1990 ????????? ?????( Tokyo Broadcast System ????????). ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ? ???? ????.??? ???? ?.??. ?????? 12 ? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???.??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????????? ????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?.??? 2001 ???????? 28 ??? ???????? ?????? TM3 ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????.

???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? Spaceship one flight 15P ???? ?????.??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? 6 ?????? ????? ???? ??.

1.?????? ???? (????????????)????????28-????6,2001

2.???? ?????????(????? ??????????????/????????? ?????)????????25-???? 5,2002(ISS)

3.???????? ???????(????????????)????????1-????????11,2005(ISS)

4.??????? ???????(???? ?????/????????????)???????????18-???????????29,2006(ISS)

5.?????? ?????????(??????? ?????/????????????)????????7-????????21,2007(ISS)

6.????? ???????(????????????)????????12-????????24,2008(ISS)

??????? [ ???????? ]

NASA ????? ?????? ????????????? 1959 ?? ???? ????? ?. ???????? NASA ?? ??????????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???.????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???. ????????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? NASA ????? ????? ??? 20 ? ????????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???.???? ?? ????????????? '?????? ????????' ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???.

??????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?????? T38 ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?. ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.

NASA ?? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???.

??????? ??????????? ???? ???.?? ????? 20/20(6/6) ????? ?????90 ?? 140 ???(????? ???? ?????)

????????? ?? ????????? ???? [ ???????? ]

?????? ?????? ????????,??? ????????,????? ????????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.(??? ?????????? ??????.)

1000 ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????(??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????.)

?? ??? 5 ???? 6(1.6m) ?? ??? 6 ???? 4 (1.9m)??? ??? ??????.

??? ????? 20/20 ??? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?.??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.

???????? ???????? ???? [ ???????? ]

?????? ?????? ????????,??? ????????,????? ????????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.(??? ?????????? ??????.)

1000 ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????(??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. )

?? ??? 5 ???? 6(1.6m) ?? ??? 6 ???? 4 (1.9m)??? ??? ??????.

?????? [ ???????? ]

NASA ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?? silver lapel pin ,????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? Gold lapel pin ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? (Astronaut badge)?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? 50 (80km) ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????.