?????

Japan
???? ?????	State of Japan
?????? ???
?????	日本?
Hiragana	にっぽんこく ; にほんこく
Ky?jitai	日本國
??????
- ???? ????	Nippon-koku ; Nihon-koku
- Revised Hepburn	Nippon-koku ; Nihon-koku

????? ????
????? ???? ; 日本? ; Nippon-koku ???-????
?????	???? ???
	?????: " Kimigayo " ; 君が代 ; ; "His Imperial Majesty's Reign" ;
	?????? ?????? ??? ; ; Go-Shichi no Kiri ( 五七桐 ) ;
	??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ???? _ ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???
???? ?? ???	????? ; 35°41′N 139°46′E / 35.683°N 139.767°E
????? ??????	?? ?? ??
????? ??? ????? ??????	????? ?????? ????? ???? ; ????? ?????? ; ????? ; ????? ???? ; ??????? ; ???? ????? ; ??????????? ; ?????????? ; ???? ???? ; ???????? ; ????? ;
???? ????	?????? ????
???? ???? (2011 )	98.5% ????? ; 0.5% ??????? ; 0.4% ???? ; 0.6% ???? ??? ;
????	51.82% Shinto ; 34.9% Buddhism ; 4% Shinto sects ; 2.3% Christianity ; 7.0% No answer ;
????? ?????	??????
?????	??????? ?????????? ???? ? ????? ???????
? ??????	Naruhito
? ????????	????? ????
? ???? ????????	???? ???
?????	????? ????
? ????? ?????	????? ?? ?????????
? ?????? ?????	????? ?? ???????????
?????? ?????
? ???? ?? ???? ?????	February 11, 660 BCE
? ???? ???? ????	November 29, 1890
? ?????? ????	May 3, 1947
? ??? ???????? ???? ??????	April 28, 1952
????
? ????	377?972 km 2 (145?936 sq mi) ( 61st )
? ???? (%)	0.8
?????
? 2017 ???? ?????	126,672,000 ( 10th )
? ???????	336 /km 2 (870.2 /sq mi) ( 36th )
??? ?? ?? ( ????? ??? ???? )	2018 ?? ??
? ??	$5.420 trillion ( 4th )
? ?? ?????	$44,246 ( 27th )
???. ??. ?? (??? ???? ? )	2018 ?? ??
? ??	$4.841 trillion ( 3rd )

????? (???????: Japan? (??????:日本)? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ????? ??? ?? ???? Ring of Fire ?? ?? ??? ??? ? 14,125 ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ???. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ???.

????? ?? ????? ???? 12 ???? (125 ????) ??? ? ???? ?? 11??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???. ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???. ????? 47 ??????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???. ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???. ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???.

????? ??? ???? ???? (Paleolithic) ??? (30,000 ?.?) ??? ??? ???? ???. ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???. 12??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? (????) ? ????????? (?????) ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ? ???? ?????? (??????) ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???. ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? 1603? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? 1854? ? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? (????? ??????) ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? 1868? ? ???? ????? ???? ??. ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? 1937? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? 1941? ? ?? ????? ???? (????? ? ???? ?? ??) ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ???. ????? ??? ? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? (?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????)? ????? ??? 1945? ? ????? ??? ??? ? 7 ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???.

??? 1947? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? (???? ???????) ???. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? (Nominal) ?? ?? ?? (GDP) ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???. ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???. ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? (anime) ? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???.

???????????? [ ??????? ]

?????? ? ????? ?? ???? ???? (日本) ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? (日本) ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? "??"(倭? Wa? ?????? ? ??? 757? ? ????? ?? "??") ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??. ??? ???? Nippon ?? ???? ?? (???? ?????????? ??????)? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??. ????? (Nihon) ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ? ???? (Edo) ??? ? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??. ?????? (日本) ?? ???? ??? "???? ?? ???"? ???? ????? ????? ??????? "Land of the Rising Sun" (?????? ?? ?? ?? ????) ?? ????? ???. ???? "?????" 日本 ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ???. 13??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? (日本國) ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????(Cipangu) ?? ???? ??? ????? ???. ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? 16??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???? ? ????. ????????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? 1577? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? 1565? ? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????? (Giapan) ????.

????? [ ??????? ]

??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? [ ??????? ]

??????? 30,000 ?.?. ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???. ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? 14,500 ?.?. (????? ??? ?? ??????) ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? (Mesolithic) ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???-??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ???. ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???. ??????? 700 ?.?. ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (Yayoi) ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ???. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? (???????? ?? ????) ??? 660 ?.?. ? ????? ????? ? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???.

????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? "???" ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? 111? ? ???? ???. ???? ????? ? ??? 552? ? ?????? (?? ????? ?????) ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??. ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? (??? 592?-710?) ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???.

??? 645? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???. ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? (Nationalized) ???? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??. ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? 672? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (Taihu) ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ??????? (ritsury?) ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 500 ???? ????? ?????? ????.

???? ??? (710?-784?) ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????-??? (???? ???? ???) ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??. ?? ??? ? ?????? (712?) ? ????? ???? (720?) ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???. ??? 735? -737? ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???. 784? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? 794? ? ????-??? (???? ??? ?? ?????) ?? ???? ???. ??? ???? ??? (794-1185) ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??. ?????? ????? ?? The Tale of Genji ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ”???????“ ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ???. ???? ?? ?????. ????????? ???

????? ? ????? ?? ??? [ ??????? ]

???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? 1877? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ???. ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? 1880? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ”??????“ ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ? 609 ????? ??? 540 ???? ????? ?? ???. ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ”???? ????“ ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 1909? ? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? (Yamaoka) ???? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??. ? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? Studies ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? (Tarajiro Yamada) ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ”??????“ ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??. ????? ??? ??????? ????? (??????? ?????? ?) ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? (USSR) ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? Settle ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ”???? ????“ 1935? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???. ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? 1938 ? ???. ?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ???. ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? (?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????) ?? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ???. ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. 1945? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ”???? ?? ??? ??? ??“. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ???????? ? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???. ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ?? ???? ?????? 1953? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ”?? ???? ???? ??????????“ ???? ? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? 1989? ? ????? ???. ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???. ^[15]

????? [ ??????? ]

??? [ ??????? ]

????? 3000 ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???. ????? ? 47 ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????

?? ????? - ????? - ?????? - ????? - ????? - ???? ???? - ???????? - ???????? - ?????? - ????? - ??????? - ?? ?? - ????? - ???? ???? - ??????? - ?????? - ?????????? - ????? - ???????? - ?????? - ???? - ?? ?????? - ??? - ?? ?? - ???? - ????? - ?????? - ????? - ???? - ???????? - ?????? - ?????? - ???????? - ???? ???? - ???????? - ???? ???? - ?????? - ??????? - ???? - ???????? - ???? - ???????? - ???????? - ????? - ?????? - ???????? - ???? ???? .

?????? [ ??????? ]

?? ????? [ ??????? ]

???? ??? [ ??????? ]

????? [ ??????? ]

↑ "National Flag and National Anthem" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 . The Rising Sun Flag and "Kimi Ga Yo" are respectively the national flag and anthem of Japan. This was formalized in 1999 with the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem.
↑ "Explore Japan National Flag and National Anthem" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 .
↑ "National Symbols" . ??? February 2, 2017 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 .
↑ "History of Tokyo" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 . The Edo Period lasted for nearly 260 years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when the Tokugawa Shogunate ended and imperial rule was restored. The Emperor moved to Edo, which was renamed Tokyo. Thus, Tokyo became the capital of Japan
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 (???? ? Japanese). Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm . ???? ??? January 19, 2009 . Missing or empty |title= ( ??? )
↑ "Japan Languages" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 .
↑ ????? ?? ??: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cia
↑ ????? ?? ??: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dentsu2006
↑ According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by Emperor Jimmu , the country's first Emperor.
↑ "Facts about Japan, General Information" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 .
↑ "最新結果一?　政府統計の?合窓口　GL08020101" . Statistics Bureau of Japan . ???? ??? April 27, 2016 .
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017 ? Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" . ????????? ??????? ??? (IMF) . ???? ??? April 21, 2016 .
↑ "World Factbook: Gini Index" . CIA . ???? ??? May 11, 2011 .
↑ "2016 Human Development Report" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme . ???? ??? March 23, 2017 .
↑ {?????: ????????????: ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????: ????? ???? ???? 2006? ?????:???? ???? ???? ??? ????altafshaikh2004@yahoo.com.pk}}}

????? ????? [ ??????? ]

?????? ?????? ??? ?????

????
????????? \| ???????? \| ????? \| ??????? \| ??????? \| ??????? \| ????? \| ?????? ????: ??? \| ????? \| ?????? \| ??? ?????

?? ????? ??? ????? ???. ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? .

[1] "National Flag and National Anthem" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 . The Rising Sun Flag and "Kimi Ga Yo" are respectively the national flag and anthem of Japan. This was formalized in 1999 with the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem.

[2] "Explore Japan National Flag and National Anthem" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 .

[3] "National Symbols" . ??? February 2, 2017 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 .

[4] "History of Tokyo" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 . The Edo Period lasted for nearly 260 years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when the Tokugawa Shogunate ended and imperial rule was restored. The Emperor moved to Edo, which was renamed Tokyo. Thus, Tokyo became the capital of Japan

[houseikyokusangiin-5] 5.0 ^5.1 (???? ? Japanese). Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm . ???? ??? January 19, 2009 . Missing or empty |title= ( ??? )

[6] "Japan Languages" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 .

[cia-7] ????? ?? ??: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cia

[Dentsu2006-8] ????? ?? ??: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dentsu2006

[9] According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by Emperor Jimmu , the country's first Emperor.

[10] "Facts about Japan, General Information" . ???? ??? January 29, 2017 .

[11] "最新結果一?　政府統計の?合窓口　GL08020101" . Statistics Bureau of Japan . ???? ??? April 27, 2016 .

[imf2-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017 ? Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" . ????????? ??????? ??? (IMF) . ???? ??? April 21, 2016 .

[13] "World Factbook: Gini Index" . CIA . ???? ??? May 11, 2011 .

[HDI-14] "2016 Human Development Report" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme . ???? ??? March 23, 2017 .

[15] {?????: ????????????: ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????: ????? ???? ???? 2006? ?????:???? ???? ???? ??? ????altafshaikh2004@yahoo.com.pk}}}

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[15]