???????

Achaemenid Empire
??????? ????????
Achaemenid Empire ; ??????? ???????? ;
	550 BC?330 BC
	Standard of Cyrus the Great
?????	???? ???????

??????? ???????? ( Achaemenid Empire):

???? ????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ???. ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???.?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ???. ^[1] 550 ?.?. ??? 330 ?. ?. ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ( ?????580 -529????) ???.?? ?? ???? 55 ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? . ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? Persian ???????? ??? . ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??.?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? Persis ???. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ???. ^[2] ?????? ?? ??? ? 1000 ??? ???? ? ???. ^[3] ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???. ^[4]

???? ? ???? [ ??????? ]

??????? ??? ?? ???? ???: ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??/??. ^[5] ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? .????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???.????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??. ????? ?????????????? ? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???.

???????? ?? ???? [ ??????? ]

???? 550 ? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???. ^[6]????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????.???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? II ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???. ^[7] ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???.?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? III ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??.

???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ???? I ?? ??? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???. ^[8]

??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???. ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???.

????-I ? ?? ?? ?? ????-/ (Xerxes-I)

?? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.

????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???

????? [ ??????? ]

↑ ?????????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???. ?????. ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1
↑ Jamie Stokes (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing. pp. 2?3. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6 . https://books.google.com/?id=Rtr7MQEACAAJ .
↑ Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson.
↑ Marc., Van de Mieroop,. A history of the ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC (Third edition ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 9781118718179 . OCLC 904507201 . https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904507201 .
↑ Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh ; Stewart, Sarah (2010). The Sasanian Era . I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-309-2 . https://books.google.com/books?id=qPVHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 .
↑ Simon Anglim; Simon Anglim; Phyllis Jestice; Scott Rusch; John Serrati (2002). Fighting techniques of the ancient world 3,000 BC ? 500 CE: equipment, combat skills, and tactics . Macmillan. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-312-30932-9 . https://books.google.com/?id=HL9cPgAACAAJ .
↑ Palmira Johnson Brummett; Robert R. Edgar; Neil J. Hackett; Robert R. Edgar; Neil J. Hackett (2003). Civilization past & present, Volume 1 . Longman. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-321-09097-3 . https://books.google.com/?id=Vz65MAm_6JMC .
↑ Charles Gates (2003). Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome . Psychology Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-415-12182-8 . https://books.google.com/?id=8aLb5pnm1j4C .

[1] ?????????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???. ?????. ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1

[enc-2] Jamie Stokes (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing. pp. 2?3. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6 . https://books.google.com/?id=Rtr7MQEACAAJ .

[3] Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson.

[4] Marc., Van de Mieroop,. A history of the ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC (Third edition ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 9781118718179 . OCLC 904507201 . https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904507201 .

[5] Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh ; Stewart, Sarah (2010). The Sasanian Era . I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-309-2 . https://books.google.com/books?id=qPVHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 .

[6] Simon Anglim; Simon Anglim; Phyllis Jestice; Scott Rusch; John Serrati (2002). Fighting techniques of the ancient world 3,000 BC ? 500 CE: equipment, combat skills, and tactics . Macmillan. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-312-30932-9 . https://books.google.com/?id=HL9cPgAACAAJ .

[cyv-7] Palmira Johnson Brummett; Robert R. Edgar; Neil J. Hackett; Robert R. Edgar; Neil J. Hackett (2003). Civilization past & present, Volume 1 . Longman. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-321-09097-3 . https://books.google.com/?id=Vz65MAm_6JMC .

[gov-8] Charles Gates (2003). Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome . Psychology Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-415-12182-8 . https://books.google.com/?id=8aLb5pnm1j4C .

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