???? ?????

???? ?????
?? ; ???? ????? ; PRS
	; ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????
??????	25 ????? 1642 ; ?? ??? ???????? ? ???? ???? ??????? , ????? ?? ???????
????	20 ???? 1727 ; ???????? ? ??? ???? , ???????
????	???? ????? ????
?????	?????
???? ????	????? ????? ??????
???? ?? ????	????? ?? ??????? ; ?????? ?? ??? ??? ; ???????? ; ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ; ??? ????? ; ???????? ????? ; ; ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ; ????? ?? ???? ; ;
?????	???? ?? ???? ??????? (1672) ; ???? ????? (1702)
????? ????

???? ?????:-???? ????

??? ?????:  
???? ????
 ? 
???? ?????

???? ????? ( ??????? ???? : Isaac Newton ) ???? ?? ??? ???? ??. ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ??????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ^[2]

???? ????? ?? 1642? ? ??????? ? ???? ??. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??. ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??. ?????? ??? ??? ?? “????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??. ^[2]

????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?? ???? (Solar System) ?? ?? ??????? ???? (Mechanical Model) ???? ???. ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???.?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? (Hannah Ayscough) ??. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???.?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???. ^[3]???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???.?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????. ^[4]???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ^[5] ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???.1659 ? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???. ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???.25 ??? 27 ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ^[6] ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? 1669 ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ???. ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ^[7]

????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??. ???? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??. ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???. ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????? (??? ??? ?? ????) ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??????? ? 1640? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????! ???? ??? ??? 3 ????? ?????? ???? ???? (???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? (????? ?? ????) ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ???! ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????. ????? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???! ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?????? (???) ????? ???. ?????? ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ?????? (?????) ????? ???. ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? '????? ???????? ????' ????? ???, ?? ? ???, ?????, ?????, ????, ?????????, ????? ? ????? ????? 45 ??? ???? ???? ???. ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???. ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ??????, ???????? ? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???. ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ???, ??????. ???? ??? ? ???? ? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???. ?? ?? ? ??? '????????' ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ???. ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ???. ????? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ????? ???? ??? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???. ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? 'Alchemy' ? ????? ????? ???? ???. ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ???, ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? (????? ???? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? 200 ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? (E = mc2). ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? '??????' ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? 1687? ? ???? ???? '????????' ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???. ???? ???? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? 3 ??? ?? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???????, ???, ?????? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???. ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ???? ???. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???. ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? . ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? 26 ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???. ???? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? . ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ??? ? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? . ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????, ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? 18??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???! ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ???. ?????:- ???? ???? ?????:-??? ????

????? [ ??????? ]

↑ "Fellows of the Royal Society" . London: Royal Society. ??? 16 March 2015 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 2017-09-12 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ??? ????? ???? ???
↑ Storr, Anthony (December 1985). "Isaac Newton". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) (BMJ) 291 (6511): 1779. doi : 10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1779 .
↑ Keynes, Milo (20 September 2008). "Balancing Newton's Mind: His Singular Behaviour and His Madness of 1692?93". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 62 (3): 293. doi : 10.1098/rsnr.2007.0025 .
↑ Westfall 1980 55.
↑ {????:?? ???? ????? ????: ?????? ????? ??? 31? ??????? ??????? ?????}
↑ {????:?? ???? ????? ????: ?????? ????? ??? 31? ??????? ??????? ?????}

???? ??? [ ??????? ]

???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ? :
	??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??
	?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??
	???????? Quotations ??? ??? ???
	???? ?????? ??? ???? ???
	???? ???? ??? ???? ???

?????:Librivox author
?????:GoogleScholar
ScienceWorld biography by Eric Weisstein
Dictionary of Scientific Biography
"The Newton Project"
"The Newton Project ? Canada"
"Newton's Dark Secrets" ? NOVA TV programme
from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy :
- "Isaac Newton" , by George Smith
- "Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica " , by George Smith
- "Newton's Philosophy" , by Andrew Janiak
- "Newton's views on space, time, and motion" , by Robert Rynasiewicz
"Newton's Castle" ? educational material
"The Chymistry of Isaac Newton" , research on his alchemical writings
The "General Scholium" to Newton's Principia ??????? ??? ??? 2003-05-13 at Archive.is
Kandaswamy, Anand M. " The Newton/Leibniz Conflict in Context "
Newton's First ODE ??????? ??? ??? 2007-07-05 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ? A study by on how Newton approximated the solutions of a first-order ODE using infinite series
?????:MathGenealogy
"The Mind of Isaac Newton" ??????? ??? ??? 2006-12-13 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ? images, audio, animations and interactive segments
Enlightening Science Videos on Newton's biography, optics, physics, reception, and on his views on science and religion
Newton biography (University of St Andrews)
?????:Cite EB1911 --> Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). " Newton, Sir Isaac ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
?????:UK National Archives ID
?????:NPG name
The Linda Hall Library has digitized Two copies of John Marsham's (1676) Canon Chronicus Aegyptiacus ??????? ??? ??? 2020-09-20 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ., one of which was owned by Isaac Newton ??????? ??? ??? 2020-10-13 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ., who marked salient passages by dog-earing the pages so that the corners acted as arrows. The books can be compared side-by-side to show what interested Newton.

????? ??? ??????

Newton's works ? full texts, at the Newton Project
The Newton Manuscripts at the National Library of Israel ? the collection of all his religious writings
?????:Gutenberg author
?????:Internet Archive author
?????:Librivox author
"Newton's Principia " ??????? ??? ??? 2009-08-10 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ? read and search
Descartes, Space, and Body and A New Theory of Light and Colour , modernised readable versions by Jonathan Bennett
Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light , full text on archive.org
"Newton Papers" ? Cambridge Digital Library
(1686) "A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton... containing his new theory about light and colors" ??????? ??? ??? 2020-10-09 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , Vol. XVI, No. 179, pp. 3057?3087. ? digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
(1704) Opticks ??????? ??? ??? 2020-10-16 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ? digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
(1719) Optice ??????? ??? ??? 2020-09-08 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ? digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
(1729) Lectiones opticae ??????? ??? ??? 2020-10-27 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ? digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
(1749) Optices libri tres ??????? ??? ??? 2020-09-16 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ? digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library

?????:S-aca ?????:S-gov

Unrecognised parameter
????? Isaac Barrow	Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge 1669?1702	?????? William Whiston
????? The Lord Somers	President of the Royal Society 1703?1727	?????? Sir Hans Sloane, Bt.
????? Robert Brady	Member of Parliament for Cambridge University 1689?1690	?????? Edward Finch
????? Anthony Hammond	Member of Parliament for Cambridge University 1701?1702	?????? Arthur Annesley
????? Benjamin Overton	Warden of the Mint 1696?1700	?????? Sir John Stanley, Bt.
????? Thomas Neale	Master of the Mint 1700?1727	?????? John Conduitt

?????:Isaac Newton ?????:Scientists whose names are used as SI units ?????:Royal Society presidents 1700s

?? ????? ??? ????? ???. ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? .

[frs-1] "Fellows of the Royal Society" . London: Royal Society. ??? 16 March 2015 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???.

[سنڌيانا-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 2017-09-12 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ??? ????? ???? ???

[3] Storr, Anthony (December 1985). "Isaac Newton". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) (BMJ) 291 (6511): 1779. doi : 10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1779 .

[4] Keynes, Milo (20 September 2008). "Balancing Newton's Mind: His Singular Behaviour and His Madness of 1692?93". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 62 (3): 293. doi : 10.1098/rsnr.2007.0025 .

[FOOTNOTEWestfall198055-5] Westfall 1980 55.

[6] {????:?? ???? ????? ????: ?????? ????? ??? 31? ??????? ??????? ?????}

[7] {????:?? ???? ????? ????: ?????? ????? ??? 31? ??????? ??????? ?????}

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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Lucasian Professors of Mathematics (over 20 topics) Royal Society presidents 1700s (over 15 topics) Age of Enlightenment (over 60 topics) Metaphysics (over 130 topics) Philosophy of science (over 130 topics) Scientists whose names are used as SI units (over 20 topics)