Molecule

A molecule is an electrically neutral group o twa or mair atoms held thegither bi chemical bonds . ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Molecules are distinguished frae ions bi thair lack o electrical chairge. Houever, in quantum physics , organic chemistry , an biochemistry , the term molecule is eften uised less strictly, bein applee'd tae polyatomic ions an aa.

In the kinetic theory o gases , the term molecule is eften uised for ony gaseous pairticle regairdless o its composeetion. Accordin tae this defineetion, noble gas atoms are conseedert molecules as thay are in fact monoatomic molecules. ^[6]

A molecule mey be homonuclear , that is, it conseests o atoms o ane chemical element , as wi oxygen (O ₂); or it mey be heteronuclear , a chemical compoond componed o mair nor ane element, as wi watter (H ₂O). Atoms an complexes connectit bi non-covalent interactions , sic as hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds , are generally nae conseedert single molecules. ^[7]

Molecules as components o matter are common in organic substances (an tharefore biochemistry). Thay mak up maist o the oceans an atmosphere. Houever, the majority o fameeliar solit substances on Yird, includin maist o the minerals that mak up the crust , mantle , an core o the Yird , conteen mony chemical bonds, but are nae made o identifiable molecules. Forby, na teepical molecule can be defined for ionic creestals ( sauts ) an covalent creestals ( network solits ), awtho thir are eften componed o repeatin unit cells that extend aither in a plane (sic as in graphene ) or three-dimensionally (sic as in diamond , quartz , or sodium chloride ). The theme o repeated unit-cellular-structur forby holds for maist condensed phases wi metallic bondin , which means that solit metals are nae made o molecules. In glesses (solits that exeest in a vitreous disordered state), atoms mey forby be held thegither bi chemical bonds wi na presence o ony definable molecule, nor ony o the regularity o repeatin units that chairacterises creestals.

References [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

↑ IUPAC , Compendium o Chemical Terminology , 2nt ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) " Molecule ".
↑ Ebbin, Darrell D. (1990). General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-43302-9 .
↑ Brown, T.L.; Kenneth C. Kemp; Theodore L. Brown; Harold Eugene LeMay; Bruce Edward Bursten (2003). Chemistry ? the Central Science (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-066997-0 .
↑ Chang, Raymond (1998). Chemistry (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-115221-0 .
↑ Zumdahl, Steven S. (1997). Chemistry (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-669-41794-7 .
↑ Chandra, Sulekh (2005). Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry . New Age Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1512-1 .
↑ "Molecule" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 22 Januar 2016 . Retrieved 23 Februar 2016 .

[iupac-1] IUPAC , Compendium o Chemical Terminology , 2nt ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) " Molecule ".

[2] Ebbin, Darrell D. (1990). General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-43302-9 .

[3] Brown, T.L.; Kenneth C. Kemp; Theodore L. Brown; Harold Eugene LeMay; Bruce Edward Bursten (2003). Chemistry ? the Central Science (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-066997-0 .

[4] Chang, Raymond (1998). Chemistry (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-115221-0 .

[5] Zumdahl, Steven S. (1997). Chemistry (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-669-41794-7 .

[6] Chandra, Sulekh (2005). Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry . New Age Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1512-1 .

[7] "Molecule" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 22 Januar 2016 . Retrieved 23 Februar 2016 .

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