| Acest articol sau aceast? sec?iune are
bibliografia
incomplet? sau inexistent?.
Pute?i contribui prin ad?ugarea de referin?e in vederea
sus?inerii bibliografice
a afirma?iilor pe care le con?ine.
|
| Moscheea Al-Aqsa din Ierusalim
|
Moscheea Al-Aqsa din Ierusalim
|
| General
|
| Localizare:
|
Palestina
|
| Fondator:
|
Abd al-Malik
|
| Perioad? construc?ie:
|
685
-
705
|
| Detalii arhitecturale
|
| Stil arhitectural:
|
islamic
|
| Capacitate:
|
5.000
|
| Num?r minarete:
|
4
|
| In?l?ime minarete:
|
37 metri
|
Moscheea Al-Aqsa
sau
Moscheea Al-Qibli
(in
arab?
, ?????? ??????, Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, literalmente ?moscheea cea mai indep?rtat?”, sau
Jami al Aqsa
, sau ?????? ??????, Musalla al Qibli; in
ebraic?
: ???? ?? ???? Misgad Al Aqsa) este un l?ca? de cult islamic prev?zut cu o cupol? de argint, care face parte din complexul religios musulman
Al Haram al Qudsi ash-Sharif
(
????? ?????? ??????
?Sanctuarul nobil din Ierusalim”) sau Al Haram ash Sharif de pe
Muntele Templului
din
Ierusalim
.
Tradi?ia musulman? afirm? c? acesta este muntele unde patriarhul Ibrahim (
Avraam
) a vrut s?-l
sacrifice
pe fiul s?u
Ismail
), dup? porunca divin?, ?i aici a ajuns mai tarziu
prorocul
Muhammad
, fondatorul
islamului
, in c?l?toria sa nocturn? pornit? din
Mecca
. El ar fi urcat din acest loc spre cer pentru a vorbi cu trimisul lui Dumnezeu,
ingerul
Jibril (
Gabriel
). Acest fapt face ca
moscheea
s? fie cel de-al treilea ca importan?? loc sfant al religiei
islamice
.
Musulmanii ?i arabii obi?nuiesc s? numeasc? intr-un sens larg ?Moscheea Al Aksa” intreg complexul Al Haram Al Sharif de pe Muntele Templului, care include ?i
Domul Stancii
, 17 por?i ?i patru minarete in cele patru col?uri ale Muntelui, in vreme ce in lume denumirea Al Aqsa este folosit? mai ales cu sens restrans - pentru cl?direa moscheii cu cupola de argint. Aceasta este denumit? de arabi
Al Qibli
?i, spre deosebire de alte moschei, nu are un
minaret
propriu, minaretele care o slujesc fiind cele patru minarete exterioare de pe munte.
Sanctuarul islamic a fost construit pe locul unde se crede c? au fost ruinele
templului iudeu din Ierusalim
, care a fost distrus de
romani
in anul 70 d.Hr.
Moscheea a fost la inceput un mic loca? de rug?ciune intemeiat de
califul
Omar
, dar a fost reconstruit? ?i mult l?rgit? de califul
omeiad
Abd al-Malik
, zidirea ei fiind incheiat? in anul
705
de fiul acestuia, califul Al-Walid. Dup? ce cl?direa a fost greu afectat? de cutremurul din anul
746
, ea a fost recl?dit? de califul
abbasid
Al-Mansur. Succesorul acestuia, Al-Mahdi, a renovat-o in anul
780
.Un cutremur din anul
1033
a distrus-o iar??i ?i dup? doi ani in
1035
moscheea a fost recl?dit? in forma ei actual? de c?tre califul
fatimid
Ali az-Zahir.
Moscheea Al-Aqsa este cea mai mare moschee din Ierusalim, poate g?zdui 5000 de persoane in ea ?i in jur. Este construit? intr-un amestec de stiluri. In timpul
Regatului cruciat al Ierusalimului
, moscheea a fost utilizat? ca un palat ?i a fost numit?
Templul lui Solomon
.
In epoca contemporan? a fost uneori ?inta unor atentate ale unor fanatici cre?tini sau evrei, dar de cele mai multe ori, incerc?ri de acest fel au fost impiedicate de c?tre serviciile de securitate israeliene.
In apropierea moscheii se afl? ?i
Zidul Plangerii
sau Zidul de vest, principalul loc sfant al evreilor, care a devenit din anii 1920 un "punct fierbinte" in jurul c?ruia au izbucnit confrunt?ri intre musulmani ?i evrei. Dup? cucerirea Muntelui Templului de c?tre Israel in 1967, in timpul tulbur?rilor produse in sanul popula?iei arabe in anii 1987-1995 ?i apoi in anii 2001-2004 ?i mai tarziu au avut loc mai multe incidente in cursul c?rora musulmani au aruncat de pe munte cu pietre asupra evreilor in timp ce ace?tia se rugau in fa?a zidului. Cateva mici organiza?ii de evrei extremi?ti, intre care cea numit? "Credincio?ii Muntelui Templului", propov?duiesc ?inerea de ceremonii religioase evreie?ti pe esplanada Muntelui Templului ?i urm?resc reconstruirea Templului iudeu, a?a?and la randul lor panica ?i ostilit??ile.
Organiza?ia militant? terorist?
Brig?zile Martirilor Al-Aqsa
legat? de organiza?ia palestinian? ?Al
Fatah
” ?i-a luat dup? anul 2000 numele de la Moscheea Al Aqsa, ideologia ei fiind alimentat? de zvonurile permanente cultivate din anii 1920 in randurile arabilor palestineni despre presupuse conspira?ii ale evreilor in vederea d?ram?rii moscheii. Lupta na?ional? palestinean? ?i militantismul religios islamist sunt infierbantate adesea de lozinca ?Moscheea al Aqsa e in primejdie!”. Pe acest fond, vizita efectuat? de
Ariel Sharon
in toamna anului
2000
in preajma moscheii, a fost pentru palestineni motivul declarat al declan??rii celei de-a doua Intifad?, de asemenea, cunoscut? sub numele de
Intifada Al-Aqsa
.
Moscheea Al-Aqsa se traduce din
arab?
in
roman?
drept "moscheea cea indep?rtat?", numele s?u se refer? la un capitol din
Coran
numit "C?l?toria de noapte", in care se spune c?
profetul
Muhammad
a plecat de la
Mecca
la "cea mai indepartat? moschee" ?i apoi pan? in
Rai
pe un fel de
cal
zbur?tor numit Al-Buraq al-Sharif (Nobilul Fulger). "cea mai indep?rtat?", a?a cum este folosit in acest context inseamn? "cea mai indep?rtat? de Mecca".
Conform tradi?iei evreilor, care au de?inut in antichitate muntele pe care ulterior a fost construit? Moscheea Al-Aqsa, aici a stat ini?ial
Templul din Ierusalim
. Distrugerea primului templu, cunoscut sub numele de
Templul lui Solomon
, este atribuit? babilonienilor, in 587 i.Hr . Nu s-au g?sit inc? dovezi fizice care s? ateste prezen?a structurii din secolele al X-lea - al VI-lea. Construirea in acela? loc a celui de-al doilea Templu a inceput in timpul
regelui
persan
Cirus cel Mare
. El fost recl?dit ?i l?rgit de
Irod cel Mare
?i urma?ii lui, dar acest templu a fost distrus de c?tre generalul roman (apoi imp?ratul)
Titus
in
70
e.n. Dup? tradi?ia evreiasc?, a r?mas din el un zid exterior de Vest, cunoscut de mul?i ca Zidul plangerii. In timpul lui
Constantin cel Mare
a fost zidita pe Munte o biseric? cre?tin?, iar mai apoi pe ruinele ei, imp?ratul
Iustinian
(527-565) a construit in
530
o nou? biseric? in stil bizantin, care a purtat numele de "Biserica Maicii Domnului". Biserica a fost mai tarziu distrus? de c?tre
per?ii sasanizi
.
Moschea pe latura sudic? a
Muntelui Templului
Nu se cunoa?te exact data cand a fost zidit? Moscheea Al-Aqsa, dar este sigur c? aceasta s-a intamplat la inceputul anilor cuceririi arabe in Palestina, sub domnia
califilor omeiazi
. Sursele contemporane musulmane cat ?i evreie?ti record c? sit-ul era in ruin? ?i a fost acoperit cu gunoi de bizantinii cre?tini, cele dou? comunit??i participand la cur??enie.
Istoricul arhitectural
K.A.C. Creswell
, referinduse la m?rturia unui c?lug?r galic, Arculf, care a fost in pelerinaj in
Palestina
intre
679
-
82
, ia act de faptul c? este posibil ca
Omar I
s? fi ridicat o construc?ie primitiv? de o capacitate de 3000 de credincio?i undeva pe
Muntele Templului
. Arculf, cu toate acestea, a vizitat Palestina in timpul domniei lui
Mu'awiyah I
, ?i este posibil ca Mu'awiyah s? fi ordonat construirea, nu Omar. Aceast? ultim? afirma?ie este sus?inut? in mod explicit de c?tre primii musulmani bursieri al-Muthannar bin Tahir.
Fa?ada moscheii
Conform mai multor c?rturari musulmani, inclusiv
Mujir ad-Din
,
Al-Suyuti
, ?i
Al-Muqaddasi
, moscheea a fost reconstruit? si extins? de califul Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, in 690, impreun? cu
Cupola Stancii
. Se sus?ine c? Abd al-Malik a utilizat materialele de la ruinele Bisericii Maicii Domnului pentru a construi moscheea. In 713-714, o serie de cutremure a devastat Ierusalimul, distrugand partea de est a moscheii, ulterior, a fost reconstruit in timpul lui Al-Walid. In vederea finan??rii reconstruc?iei sale, Al-Walid a folosit aurul de la cupola stancii pentru a cump?ra materiale.
Commons
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