Hominini
formeaz? un trib taxonomic din subfamilia
Homininae
(?hominine“).
Hominini
include genurile existente
Homo
(oameni) ?i
Pan
(cimpanzei ?i bonobo), dar exclude genul
Gorilla
(gorile).
Termenul a fost introdus ini?ial de Camille Arambourg (1948). Arambourg a combinat categoriile
Hominina
?i
Simiina
datorate lui Gray (1825) in noul s?u subtrib. Crearea tribului a rezultat din ideea c?, de?i admite o rela?ie puternic? intre cele trei genuri vii ale subfamiliei Homininae (
Homo
,
Gorilla
?i
Pan
), omul ?i cimpanzeul erau mai strans legate intre ele decat erau cu gorila: descoperirile fosile au confirmat aceast? teorie, datand separarea complet? dintre aceste dou? linii evolutive intre 6 ?i 5,5 milioane de ani in urm?, dup? un proces de
specia?ie
care a durat aproximativ patru milioane de ani.
[2]
Pentru a imp?r?i genurile
Homo
?i
Pan
, este necesar s? se cobore la rangul de subtrib.
[3]
Aceast? defini?ie este inc? respectat? in propunerea lui Mann ?i Weiss (1996), care imparte Hominini in trei subtriburi:
Panina
(care con?ine
Pan
),
Hominina
(?homininani“, care con?ine
Homo
?oameni“) ?i
Australopitecina
(care con?ine mai multe genuri extincte australopitecine).
[3]
Prin conven?ie, termenul adjectival ?hominin” se refer? la tribul Hominini, in timp ce membrii subtribului Hominina (?i, prin urmare, toate speciile umane arhaice) sunt denumi?i ?homininan” (?homininani”).
[4]
Aceasta urmeaz? propunerii lui Mann ?i Weiss (1996), care prezint? tribul Hominini ca fiind atat
Pan
, cat ?i
Homo
, plasat in subtriburi separate. Genul
Pan
este denumit subtribul
Panina
, iar genul
Homo
este inclus in subtribul
Hominina
(vezi mai sus).
[3]
Totu?i, exist? o conven?ie alternativ? care folose?te ?hominin” excluzand membrii Panina, adic? doar pentru
Homo
sau pentru
Homo
?i
Australopitecine
. Aceast? conven?ie alternativ? este men?ionat? de exemplu in Coyne (2009)
[5]
?i in Dunbar (2014).
[6]
Potts (2010) folose?te in plus numele Hominini intr-un sens diferit, excluzand
Pan
, in timp ce un trib separat (mai degrab? decat subtrib) pentru cimpanzei este introdus, sub numele Panini.
[7]
In aceast? conven?ie recent?,
contra
Arambourg, termenul "hominin" este aplicat la
Homo
,
Australopithecus
,
Ardipithecus
, ?i altele care au ap?rut dup? desp?r?irea de linia care a dus la cimpanzei (a se vedea cladograma de mai jos);
[8]
[9]
adic? ei disting membrii fosili de pe partea uman? a diviz?rii, ca ?hominini”, de cei de pe partea cimpanzeului, ca ?non hominini” (sau ?hominizi non-hominini”).
[5]
Acest cladogram? arat? clada superfamiliei
Hominoidea
?i subtipurile sale descendente, axat? pe diviziunea homininilor (omi?and detalii privind increng?turi care nu sunt ancestrale la hominini). Familia Hominidae (?hominizi“) cuprinde triburile: Ponginae (urangutani), Gorillini (gorile) ?i Hominini, ultimele dou? formand subfamilia Homininae. Hominini este imp?r?it in Panina (cimpanzei) ?i Australopithecina (australopithecine). De obicei, Hominina (oameni) este considerat? a fi ap?rut in Australopithecina (care ar corespunde aproximativ defini?iei alternative a lui Hominini conform defini?iei alternative care exclude
Pan
).
Analiza genetic? combinat? cu dovezi fosile indic? faptul c? hominoizii s-au separat de maimu?ele Lumii Vechi cu aproximativ 25 de milioane de ani in urm? (Ma), lang? limita
Oligocen
-
Miocen
.
[10]
Cei mai recen?i str?mo?i comuni din subfamiliile Homininae ?i Ponginae au tr?it acum aproximativ 15 milioane de ani.
[11]
In urm?toarea cladogram?, timpul aproximativ in care cladele au iradiat clade mai noi este indicat acum milioane de ani in urm? (Ma).
Atat
Sahelanthropus
, cat ?i
Orrorin
au existat pe durata estimat? a specia?iei cimpanzeu-om, in intervalul de 8 pan? la 4 milioane de ani in urm? (Ma). S-au g?sit foarte pu?ine exemplare fosile care pot fi considerate direct ancestrale genului
Pan
. ?tirile despe primul cimpanzeu fosil, g?sit in Kenya, au fost publicate in 2005. Totu?i, fosilele au fost datate din vremuri foarte recente ? intre 545 ?i 284 de mii de ani in urm?.
[12]
Divergen?a unei descenden?e ?proto-umane” sau ?pre-umane” separate de
Pan
pare s? fi fost un proces de specia?ie complex? - hibridizare mai degrab? decat o desp?r?ire curat?, care s-a desf??urat in perioada cuprins? intre 13 Ma (aproape de varsta tribului Hominini in sine) ?i aproximativ 4 Ma. Conform Patterson ?i colab. (2006), cromozomi diferi?i se pare c? s-au imp?r?it in momente diferite, cu activitate de hibridizare pe scar? larg? care s-a produs intre cele dou? linii emergente pan? in perioada 6,3 - 5,4 Ma.
[13]
Acest grup de cercetare a observat c? o perioad? ipotetic? de hibridizare tarzie s-a bazat in special pe asem?narea cromozomilor X la proto-oameni ?i cimpanzeii stem, sugerand c? divergen?a final? a fost de dat? recent? (4 milioane de ani in urm?). Wakeley (2008) a respins aceste ipoteze; el a sugerat explica?ii alternative, inclusiv presiunea de selec?ie asupra cromozomului X la popula?iile ancestrale anterioare ultimului str?mo? comun cimpanzeu-om.
[14]
Majoritatea studiilor
ADN
au descoperit c? oamenii ?i
Pan
sunt identici in propor?ie de 99%,
[15]
[16]
dar un studiu a constatat doar 94% puncte comune, unele dintre diferen?e aparand in
ADN necodificat
.
[17]
Este cel mai probabil ca australopitecinele, datand de la 4,4 la 3 Ma, s? fi evoluat in primii membri ai genului
Homo
.
[18]
[19]
In anul 2000, descoperirea
Orrorin tugenensis
, datat? la 6,2 Ma, a contestat elementele critice ale acestei ipoteze,
[20]
intrucat sugereaz? c?
Homo
nu deriv? de fapt din str?mo?ii australopitecini.
[21]
Toate genurile fosile enumerate sunt evaluate pentru:
- probabilitatea de a fi str?mo?i ai
Homo
, ?i
- dac? sunt mai strans legate de
Homo
decat de orice alt primat viu ? dou? tr?s?turi care i-ar putea identifica ca hominini.
Unele, inclusiv
Paranthropus
,
Ardipithecus
?i
Australopithecus
, sunt considerate, in general, ancestrale ?i strans legate de
Homo
;
[22]
altele, in special genurile anterioare, inclusiv
Sahelanthropus
(?i poate
Orrorin
), sunt sus?inute de o comunitate de oameni de ?tiin??, dar contestate de alt? comunitate.
[23]
[24]
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- ^
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, consisting of several species from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years ago. It differs from orangutans in dentition and postcranial morphology. >
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
is an enigmatic new Miocene species, whose characteristics are a mix of those of apes and
Homo erectus
and which has been proclaimed by Brunet et al. to be the earliest hominid. However, we believe that features of the dentition, face and cranial base that are said to define unique links between this Toumai specimen and the hominid clade are either not diagnostic or are consequences of biomechanical adaptations. To represent a valid clade, hominids must share unique defining features, and
Sahelanthropus
does not appear to have been an obligate biped.