???? ?????????????

???? ????????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??. ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??. ? ???? ????????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???. ^[?]^[?]

?? ???? ?? ? ????????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??. ? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??. ? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???. ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???????? ?? ? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??. ?? ?? ???? ? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??. ??? ???? ? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??. ^[?]^[?]^[?]

????? [ ???? ]

?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????. ? ≪ The Re-Naturalized Human≫ ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ≪???-???? ????≫ ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ≪ Urbanization and the diversity of insects≫ ?? ??? ? ≪???? ?????≫ ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ≪ The soil, flora and vegetation of Berlin's wastelands ≫ ?? ????? ? ≪Sukopp et al ≫ ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ????? ????????????? ?? ? ???? ????????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ? ≪Landscape Ecology≫ ?? ??? ? ≪?????≫ ?? ≪??????≫ ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]

???? ????????????? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???. ? ???? ????????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ??? ? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? (?? ? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?) ?? ? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ≪????? ????≫ ?? ? ≪ Universidad Estatal a Distancia ≫ ??????? ? ???? ????????????? ????????? ?. ^[??]^[??]^[??]

????? [ ???? ]

?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????????? ? ????????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????????????? ??? ???? ??. ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ? ???? ????????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ? ????? ???? ? ????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??.

??????? ?? ?????????? ????? [ ???? ]

? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ? ??? ? ????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??. ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ??????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ? pH ? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??. ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??. ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????. ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ^[??]

?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? (??? ? ??? ???? ???)? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??. ? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??. ^[??]

? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ????? [ ???? ]

? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??. ? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ???? ? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?? ????????? ????? (OAR) ?? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? (NOAA) ?? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??. ? ?????? ? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ??????????? ??. ^[??]^[??]

?? ??? ???? ?????? [ ???? ]

?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?????? (???????) ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????. ?? ???? ????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??. ? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??. ? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??. ^[??]^[??]

LTER ?? ????????? ???????? ????? [ ???? ]

? ????????? ??????????????? ????? (LTER) ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????.

?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ????????????? ???? ?????. ? ???? ????????????? ????? ? LTER ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??. ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?? ? ????????????? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??. ^[??]^[??]

?????? [ ???? ]

↑ Niemela, Jari (1999). "Ecology and urban planning". Biodiversity and Conservation . 8 (1): 119?131. doi : 10.1023/A:1008817325994 . S2CID 36775732 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City . Routledge. ????? 695. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0415862875 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Singh, Govind (5 October 2014). "Urban Ecology & Ecosystem Inputs ? Need of the Urban Era" . Urban Ecology . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision . United Nations. 2007. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) ?????:Page needed
↑ Niemela, Jari (1999). "Ecology and urban planning". Biodiversity and Conservation . 8 (1): 119?131. doi : 10.1023/A:1008817325994 . S2CID 36775732 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ Davis, BNK (1978). "Urbanisation and the diversity of insects". In Mound, L A; Walo, N (????????). Diversity of Insect Faunas . 9 . Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ????? 126?38. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Sukopp, H; Blume, HP; Kunick, W (1979). "The soil, flora and vegetation of Berlin's wastelands". In Laurie, I C (??????). Nature in Cities . Chichester: John Wiley. ????? 115?32. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Forman, R.T.T.; Godron, M. (1986). Landscape ecology . New York: John Wiley and Sons. ????? 619. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780471870371 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ Pickett, Steward T. A.; Burch Jr., William R.; Dalton, Shawn E.; Foresman, Timothy W.; Grove, J. Morgan; Rowntree, Rowan (1997). "A conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas". Urban Ecosystems . 1 (4): 185?199. doi : 10.1023/A:1018531712889 . S2CID 43417136 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Gonzalez, F. (2018). "La ecologia urbana: introduccion". UNED Research Journal . 10 (Supl. 1): 9?10
↑ Furness, R. W.; Thompson, D. R.; Becker, P. H. (March 1995). "Spatial and temporal variation in mercury contamination of seabirds in the North Sea". Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen . 49 (1?4): 605?615. Bibcode : 1995HM.....49..605F . doi : 10.1007/BF02368386 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Grimm, N. B. ; Faeth, S. H.; Golubiewski, N. E.; Redman, C. L.; Wu, J.; Bai, X.; Briggs, J. M. (8 February 2008). "Global Change and the Ecology of Cities". Science . 319 (5864): 756?760. Bibcode : 2008Sci...319..756G . doi : 10.1126/science.1150195 . PMID 18258902 . S2CID 28918378 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Gallo, K. P.; McNab, A. L.; Karl, T. R.; Brown, J. F.; Hood, J. J.; Tarpley, J. D. (May 1993). "The Use of NOAA AVHRR Data for Assessment of the Urban Heat Island Effect" . Journal of Applied Meteorology . 32 (5): 899?908. doi : 10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0899:TUONAD>2.0.CO;2 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ ROTH, M.; OKE, T. R.; EMERY, W. J. (1989). "Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utilization of such data in urban climatology". International Journal of Remote Sensing . 10 (11): 1699?1720. Bibcode : 1989IJRS...10.1699R . doi : 10.1080/01431168908904002 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Shochat, E.; Stefanov, W. L.; Whitehouse, M. E. A.; Faeth, S. H. (January 2004). "Urbanization and spider diversity: influences of human modification of habitat structure and productivity". Ecological Applications . 14 (1): 268?280. doi : 10.1890/02-5341 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ ROTH, M.; OKE, T. R.; EMERY, W. J. (1989). "Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utilization of such data in urban climatology". International Journal of Remote Sensing . 10 (11): 1699?1720. Bibcode : 1989IJRS...10.1699R . doi : 10.1080/01431168908904002 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Brazel, A; Selover, N; Vose, R; Heisler, G (2000). "The tale of two climates-Baltimore and Phoenix urban LTER sites". Climate Research . 15 : 123?135. Bibcode : 2000ClRes..15..123B . doi : 10.3354/cr015123 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Shochat, E.; Stefanov, W. L.; Whitehouse, M. E. A.; Faeth, S. H. (January 2004). "Urbanization and spider diversity: influences of human modification of habitat structure and productivity". Ecological Applications . 14 (1): 268?280. doi : 10.1890/02-5341 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Niemela-1] Niemela, Jari (1999). "Ecology and urban planning". Biodiversity and Conservation . 8 (1): 119?131. doi : 10.1023/A:1008817325994 . S2CID 36775732 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[2] Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City . Routledge. ????? 695. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0415862875 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[UrbanEcology-3] Singh, Govind (5 October 2014). "Urban Ecology & Ecosystem Inputs ? Need of the Urban Era" . Urban Ecology . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[UN-4] World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision . United Nations. 2007. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) ?????:Page needed

[Niemela2-5] Niemela, Jari (1999). "Ecology and urban planning". Biodiversity and Conservation . 8 (1): 119?131. doi : 10.1023/A:1008817325994 . S2CID 36775732 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[6] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[Davis-7] Davis, BNK (1978). "Urbanisation and the diversity of insects". In Mound, L A; Walo, N (????????). Diversity of Insect Faunas . 9 . Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ????? 126?38. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Sukopp-8] Sukopp, H; Blume, HP; Kunick, W (1979). "The soil, flora and vegetation of Berlin's wastelands". In Laurie, I C (??????). Nature in Cities . Chichester: John Wiley. ????? 115?32. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Forman-9] Forman, R.T.T.; Godron, M. (1986). Landscape ecology . New York: John Wiley and Sons. ????? 619. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780471870371 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[10] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[11] Pickett, Steward T. A.; Burch Jr., William R.; Dalton, Shawn E.; Foresman, Timothy W.; Grove, J. Morgan; Rowntree, Rowan (1997). "A conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas". Urban Ecosystems . 1 (4): 185?199. doi : 10.1023/A:1018531712889 . S2CID 43417136 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[12] Gonzalez, F. (2018). "La ecologia urbana: introduccion". UNED Research Journal . 10 (Supl. 1): 9?10

[13] Furness, R. W.; Thompson, D. R.; Becker, P. H. (March 1995). "Spatial and temporal variation in mercury contamination of seabirds in the North Sea". Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen . 49 (1?4): 605?615. Bibcode : 1995HM.....49..605F . doi : 10.1007/BF02368386 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[grim2008-14] Grimm, N. B. ; Faeth, S. H.; Golubiewski, N. E.; Redman, C. L.; Wu, J.; Bai, X.; Briggs, J. M. (8 February 2008). "Global Change and the Ecology of Cities". Science . 319 (5864): 756?760. Bibcode : 2008Sci...319..756G . doi : 10.1126/science.1150195 . PMID 18258902 . S2CID 28918378 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Gallo-15] Gallo, K. P.; McNab, A. L.; Karl, T. R.; Brown, J. F.; Hood, J. J.; Tarpley, J. D. (May 1993). "The Use of NOAA AVHRR Data for Assessment of the Urban Heat Island Effect" . Journal of Applied Meteorology . 32 (5): 899?908. doi : 10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0899:TUONAD>2.0.CO;2 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Roth-16] ROTH, M.; OKE, T. R.; EMERY, W. J. (1989). "Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utilization of such data in urban climatology". International Journal of Remote Sensing . 10 (11): 1699?1720. Bibcode : 1989IJRS...10.1699R . doi : 10.1080/01431168908904002 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Schochat2-17] Shochat, E.; Stefanov, W. L.; Whitehouse, M. E. A.; Faeth, S. H. (January 2004). "Urbanization and spider diversity: influences of human modification of habitat structure and productivity". Ecological Applications . 14 (1): 268?280. doi : 10.1890/02-5341 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Roth2-18] ROTH, M.; OKE, T. R.; EMERY, W. J. (1989). "Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utilization of such data in urban climatology". International Journal of Remote Sensing . 10 (11): 1699?1720. Bibcode : 1989IJRS...10.1699R . doi : 10.1080/01431168908904002 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[brazel-19] Brazel, A; Selover, N; Vose, R; Heisler, G (2000). "The tale of two climates-Baltimore and Phoenix urban LTER sites". Climate Research . 15 : 123?135. Bibcode : 2000ClRes..15..123B . doi : 10.3354/cr015123 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Schochat-20] Shochat, E.; Stefanov, W. L.; Whitehouse, M. E. A.; Faeth, S. H. (January 2004). "Urbanization and spider diversity: influences of human modification of habitat structure and productivity". Ecological Applications . 14 (1): 268?280. doi : 10.1890/02-5341 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

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