?????

???? (?? ?????? ???? cellula '????? ????' ??? ?????? ???) ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??. ??? ???? (cell) ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ^[?]^[?]

? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???. ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???. ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????) ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??. ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? (4×10 ¹³) ???? ???. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??. ^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]

? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?????? ???? ????? (Matthias Jakob Schleiden) ?? ?????? ???? (Theodor Schwann) ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???, ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??. ^[?]^[?]^[?]^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]

? ???? ??????

???? ?? ??? ???? ??: ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??. ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??. ^[??]

??????????? ????

?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???. ?? ???? ? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???. ? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? (DNA) ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??. ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?.? ??? ?? ?.? ?????????? ???? ??. ^[??]

?????????? ????

??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ??. ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. ? ???????????? ?? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??: ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ?????????? (????????????? ?? ????) ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? (DNA) ??? ??. ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? "????? ??? (????)" ??. ^[??]

? ???? ???? ?????

???? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? (?? ??????? ??? ? ???? ?? ?????? ??)? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????. ???? ???? (? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???) ? ?? ??? ?? (DNA) ?????? ??? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? (RNA) ?????? ??? ?? ? ????????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??.

? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????

???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?????????? ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??. ? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??.

? ???? ?????

? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???. ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??. ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??? ??? ??? ??.

????? ?????

?????

? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? (?? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????) ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ??? (? ??? ? ???) ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ? ????? (????? ?????) ???? ????. ??????????? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??. ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ^[??]

? DNA ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ???? ? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ?? ? ????? ???? ? S ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????.

?? ?????? ??? DNA ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????. ? DNA ????? ????? ?? ??????-?? ?????? ???? ????. ? DNA ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????-??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??. ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ???? ? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???. ^[??]

???? ?? ???

? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????.

? ????? ???? ????

? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? (meteorites) ?????? ??? ?? (????? ?????? ????????????)? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? (? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????). ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? (self-replicating) ??? ?? ??. RNA ? ????-????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? (? RNA ??????? ????? ?????)? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ? ????-????? ????? ??? ???? ?? RNA ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????. ^[??]

???????

??????

↑ ?????:Multiref
↑ Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body in Chapter 21 of Molecular Biology of the Cell fourth edition, edited by Bruce Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science. The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos . It is also common to describe small molecules such as amino acids as " molecular building blocks ".
↑ Campbell, Neil A.; Williamson, Brad; Heyden, Robin J. (2006). Biology: Exploring Life . Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780132508827 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ ?????:NCBI-scienceprimer 30 March 2004.
↑ Bianconi E, Piovesan A, Facchin F, Beraudi A, Casadei R, Frabetti F, et al. (November 2013). "An estimation of the number of cells in the human body" . Annals of Human Biology . 40 (6): 463?71. doi : 10.3109/03014460.2013.807878 . PMID 23829164 . S2CID 16247166 . These partial data correspond to a total number of 3.72±0.81×10 ¹³ [cells]. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Ferretti RE, Leite RE, et al. (April 2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 513 (5): 532?41. doi : 10.1002/cne.21974 . PMID 19226510 . S2CID 5200449 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Karp, Gerald (19 October 2009). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments . John Wiley & Sons. ????? 2. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780470483374 . Hooke called the pores cells because they reminded him of the cells inhabited by monks living in a monastery. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Tero, Alan Chong (1990). Achiever's Biology . Allied Publishers. ????? 36. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9788184243697 . In 1665, an Englishman, Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of" cork under a simple microscope. (A simple microscope is a microscope with only one biconvex lens, rather like a magnifying glass). He saw many small box like structures. These reminded him of small rooms called "cells" in which Christian monks lived and meditated. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Maton, Anthea (1997). Cells Building Blocks of Life . New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780134234762 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Schopf JW, Kudryavtsev AB, Czaja AD, Tripathi AB (2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research . 158 (3?4): 141?55. Bibcode : 2007PreR..158..141S . doi : 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Schopf JW (June 2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences . 361 (1470): 869?85. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2006.1834 . PMC 1578735 . PMID 16754604 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Raven, Peter Hamilton; Johnson, George Brooks (2002). Biology . McGraw-Hill Education. ????? 68 . ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780071122610 . ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ Microbiology : Principles and Explorations By Jacquelyn G. Black
↑ ?????:NCBI-scienceprimer 30 March 2004.
↑ ?????:NCBI-scienceprimer 30 March 2004.
↑ Campbell Biology?Concepts and Connections . Pearson Education. 2009. ????? 138. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Orgel LE (December 1998). "The origin of life--a review of facts and speculations". Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 23 (12): 491?5. doi : 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01300-0 . PMID 9868373 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

?

[npr1-1] ?????:Multiref

[Alberts20022-2] Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body in Chapter 21 of Molecular Biology of the Cell fourth edition, edited by Bruce Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science. The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos . It is also common to describe small molecules such as amino acids as " molecular building blocks ".

[3] Campbell, Neil A.; Williamson, Brad; Heyden, Robin J. (2006). Biology: Exploring Life . Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780132508827 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[NCBI-4] ?????:NCBI-scienceprimer 30 March 2004.

[cellcount-5] Bianconi E, Piovesan A, Facchin F, Beraudi A, Casadei R, Frabetti F, et al. (November 2013). "An estimation of the number of cells in the human body" . Annals of Human Biology . 40 (6): 463?71. doi : 10.3109/03014460.2013.807878 . PMID 23829164 . S2CID 16247166 . These partial data correspond to a total number of 3.72±0.81×10 ¹³ [cells]. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[JCN-6] Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Ferretti RE, Leite RE, et al. (April 2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 513 (5): 532?41. doi : 10.1002/cne.21974 . PMID 19226510 . S2CID 5200449 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Karp2009-7] Karp, Gerald (19 October 2009). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments . John Wiley & Sons. ????? 2. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780470483374 . Hooke called the pores cells because they reminded him of the cells inhabited by monks living in a monastery. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[8] Tero, Alan Chong (1990). Achiever's Biology . Allied Publishers. ????? 36. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9788184243697 . In 1665, an Englishman, Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of" cork under a simple microscope. (A simple microscope is a microscope with only one biconvex lens, rather like a magnifying glass). He saw many small box like structures. These reminded him of small rooms called "cells" in which Christian monks lived and meditated. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[9] Maton, Anthea (1997). Cells Building Blocks of Life . New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780134234762 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Origin1-10] Schopf JW, Kudryavtsev AB, Czaja AD, Tripathi AB (2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research . 158 (3?4): 141?55. Bibcode : 2007PreR..158..141S . doi : 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Origin2-11] Schopf JW (June 2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences . 361 (1470): 869?85. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2006.1834 . PMC 1578735 . PMID 16754604 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[RavenJohnson2002-12] Raven, Peter Hamilton; Johnson, George Brooks (2002). Biology . McGraw-Hill Education. ????? 68 . ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780071122610 . ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[13] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[14] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[15] Microbiology : Principles and Explorations By Jacquelyn G. Black

[NCBI3-16] ?????:NCBI-scienceprimer 30 March 2004.

[NCBI2-17] ?????:NCBI-scienceprimer 30 March 2004.

[18] Campbell Biology?Concepts and Connections . Pearson Education. 2009. ????? 138. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[OrgelLE-19] Orgel LE (December 1998). "The origin of life--a review of facts and speculations". Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 23 (12): 491?5. doi : 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01300-0 . PMID 9868373 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

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