?????? ???? ?????

? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???

?????? ???? ????? (EMH) ?? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? (AMH) ??? ???????? ??? ?? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? (??????? ????? ?????? ???) ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??? ? ????? ??? (??????? ???? ???) ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? (Paleolithic Europe ) ?? ??? ?? ???? ???.

? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???? ? ???? ????? (Omo-Kibish I ) ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????  ?????? ????? ??? ?? ? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??. [?] [?]

? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ( ?? ??????? ?? ?  ?? ?? ?.?  ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?) ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? (?? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??). ? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? (?? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????????) ??? ? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??.

?? ???? ???????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ????? (?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????) ? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??.   [?] [?] [?] [?]

??? ?? ?????? [ ???? ]

?? ? ???? ??????? Homo sapiens   ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? Linnaeus ?? ??? ?? ??? 1758 ? ?? ????? ????. [?]

?????? ??? ?? ???? ( hom? ) (genitive hominis ) ?? ? ????? (???) ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ( ???? ????? ?????) ??. ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???  ???  ????  ?300,000 ?? 200,000   ???? ????? ?? ??????  ?? ????? ????? ??.

? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ( ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????) ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?.

?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? (cladistic)  ?????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??.

? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?500,000  ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????.

? ???? ???????? ? ??? ?? ?? ? ????????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? 503,000 ?? ?? 565,000? ? 550,000 ?? ?? 765,000 ? ( ? ?????? ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????) ???????? 800,000  ??? ????? ???? ???? ???. [?] [?] [??]

? ???????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ( ??????) ??? ???? ????? ??? ? 1980 ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???( H. sapiens ) ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??.

???? ?????? ????????? (H. neanderthalensis) ? ???? ???????? ????????? (H. sapiens neanderthalensis). ???? ???? ?? ??. ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ?????????? H. rhodesiensis ???? ??? ??? ?????? ? (H. sapiens rhodesiensis), ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ? ???  ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??. [??] [??] [??]

??? ??????? ? H. sapiens sapiens, ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????  ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ? ???  ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???. [??]

?? ?? ? ??????? ????                                       [ ???? ]

????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? 500,000 ???? ???? ??? ???. ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??  ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?????? 160 ?? ?? 100,000 ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??. ? ( 2011 ??  2012?) ????? ? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 300 ?? ?? 250,000 ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?  2012 ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???.

?? ?? ??? ? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??? ???( ??? ? ?????? ( Khoisan) ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???) [??] [??] [??] [??] [??]

?? ?? ??????? ?? ? 2017 ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ? 260,000  ?? ?? 350,000 ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? (fossils) ???? ? ???? ????? (Jebel Irhoud)  ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? (? 280,000   ?? ?? 300,000 ????? ???? ?????? ??? )? ? ????? ?????? ? ????????? (Florisbad) ????? ? 259,000 ????? ???? ???? ???)? ?? ? ??????? ? ???? (Omo) ???? ??????? ( 195,000 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??). [??] [??] [??] [??]

? ?? ?? ?? DNA ?????? ?? ?? 2019 ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????????  ?? (Botswana) ( ? ?? ?????? ???????) (and a Khoisan split)  ?????? 200,000   ????? ?? ??. ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? (???????? (genetic) ??  ????? ?????) ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? 100,000 ??????? ? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??. [??] [??] [??] [??] [??]

?? ??????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ????  ?????? ? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? (??? ?? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????(????????) ??? ?????? 1.8  ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???) ?? ?? ? 1980 ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? "recent African origin" ? ???? ???????? ? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?????? "multiregional evolution" ? ???? ??? ????  ?????? ? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???  ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?  ????? ???????? clinal variation? ? ???????? ????? (genetic drift) ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? (gene flow) ?? ? ????????? ( Pleistocene) ?? ???? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???. [??]

?? 2000 ????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??????? (archaeogenetics) ?? ? ????? ? ?????? (population genetics)  ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???.

?????? ?? ?????? ???  ???( ? ?????) (recent Out-of-Africa) ??????? ? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???  ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??. [??] [??]

?????? ?? ????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Nitecki, Matthew H; Nitecki, Doris V (1994). Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans . Springer. ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   1489915079 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  2. ↑ Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (Jul 2017). "The Omo-Kibish I pelvis". Journal of Human Evolution . 108 : 199?219. doi : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004 . ISSN   1095-8606 . PMID   28552208 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  3. ↑ Mounier, Aurelien; Lahr, Marta (2019). "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species" . Nature Communications . 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode : 2019NatCo..10.3406M . doi : 10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w . PMC   6736881 . PMID   31506422 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  4. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
  5. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
  6. ↑ Harrod, James. "Harrod (2014) Suppl File Table 1 mtDNA language myth Database rev May 17 2019.doc" . Mother Tongue . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  7. ↑ Linne, Carl von (1758). Systema naturæ. Regnum animale (??? 10th). Sumptibus Guilielmi Engelmann. ? ???? ???? 18, 20 . ? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  8. ↑ Hajdinjak, Mateja; Fu, Qiaomei; Hubner, Alexander; Petr, Martin; et al. (2018-03-01). "Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals" . Nature . 555 (7698): 652?656. Bibcode : 2018Natur.555..652H . doi : 10.1038/nature26151 . ISSN   1476-4687 . PMC   6485383 . PMID   29562232 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  9. ↑ Meyer, Matthias; Arsuaga, Juan-Luis; de Filippo, Cesare; Nagel, Sarah; et al. (2016-03-01). "Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins". Nature . 531 (7595): 504?507. Bibcode : 2016Natur.531..504M . doi : 10.1038/nature17405 . ISSN   1476-4687 . PMID   26976447 . S2CID   4467094 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  10. ↑ Gomez-Robles, Aida (2019-05-01). "Dental evolutionary rates and its implications for the Neanderthal?modern human divergence" . Science Advances . 5 (5): ?1268. Bibcode : 2019SciA....5.1268G . doi : 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1268 . ISSN   2375-2548 . PMC   6520022 . PMID   31106274 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  11. ↑ Hublin, J. J. (2009). "The origin of Neandertals" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 (38): 16022?27. Bibcode : 2009PNAS..10616022H . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0904119106 . JSTOR   40485013 . PMC   2752594 . PMID   19805257 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  12. ↑ Harvati, K.; Frost, S.R.; McNulty, K.P. (2004). "Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 101 (5): 1147?52. Bibcode : 2004PNAS..101.1147H . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0308085100 . PMC   337021 . PMID   14745010 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  13. ↑ " Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864". Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution . (2013). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. 328?31.  
  14. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
  15. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
  16. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
  17. ↑ ?????:Cite biorxiv
  18. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
  19. ↑ Callaway, Ewan (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history" . Nature . doi : 10.1038/nature.2017.22114 . ? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  20. ↑ Stringer, C. (2016). "The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences . 371 (1698): 20150237. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2015.0237 . PMC   4920294 . PMID   27298468 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  21. ↑ (?? 7 June 2017 ?????) . Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story . The Guardian .
  22. ↑ Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens " (PDF) . Nature . 546 (7657): 289?292. Bibcode : 2017Natur.546..289H . doi : 10.1038/nature22336 . PMID   28593953 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  23. ↑ Scerri, M.L.; et al. (2018). "Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?" . Trends in Ecology & Evolution . 33 (8): 582?594. doi : 10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005 . PMC   6092560 . PMID   30007846 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  24. ↑ (?? 28 October 2019 ?????) . Ancestral home of modern humans is in Botswana, study finds . The Guardian .
  25. ↑ (?? 28 October 2019 ?????) . New Study Pinpoints The Ancestral Homeland of All Humans Alive Today . ScienceAlert.com .
  26. ↑ (?? 28 October 2019 ?????) . Has Humanity's Homeland Been Found? . The Atlantic .
  27. ↑ (?? 10 September 2019 ?????) . Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor ? on a Computer ? By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans. . The New York Times .
  28. ↑ Rogers, Alan R.; Bohlender, Ryan J.; Huff, Chad D. (12 September 2017). "Early history of Neanderthals and Denisovans" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 114 (37): 9859?9863. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1706426114 . PMC   5604018 . PMID   28784789 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  29. ↑ Wolpoff, M. H.; Spuhler, J. N.; Smith, F. H.; Radovcic, J.; Pope, G.; Frayer, D. W.; Eckhardt, R.; Clark, G. (1988). "Modern Human Origins". Science . 241 (4867): 772?74. Bibcode : 1988Sci...241..772W . doi : 10.1126/science.3136545 . PMID   3136545 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  30. ↑ Green, RE; Krause, J; Briggs, Adrian W.; Maricic, Tomislav; Stenzel, Udo; Kircher, Martin; Patterson, Nick; Li, Heng; Zhai, Weiwei; Fritz, Markus Hsi-Yang; Hansen, Nancy F.; Durand, Eric Y.; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Jensen, Jeffrey D.; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Alkan, Can; Prufer, Kay; Meyer, Matthias; Burbano, Hernan A.; Good, Jeffrey M.; Schultz, Rigo; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Butthof, Anne; Hober, Barbara; Hoffner, Barbara; Siegemund, Madlen; Weihmann, Antje; Nusbaum, Chad; Lander, Eric S.; et al. (May 2010). "A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome" . Science . 328 (5979): 710?22. Bibcode : 2010Sci...328..710G . doi : 10.1126/science.1188021 . PMC   5100745 . PMID   20448178 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  31. ↑ Reich, D; Patterson, Nick; Kircher, Martin; Delfin, Frederick; Nandineni, Madhusudan R.; Pugach, Irina; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Ko, Ying-Chin; Jinam, Timothy A.; Phipps, Maude E.; Saitou, Naruya; Wollstein, Andreas; Kayser, Manfred; Paabo, Svante; Stoneking, Mark (2011). "Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into southeast Asia and oceania" . Am J Hum Genet . 89 (4): 516?28. doi : 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 . PMC   3188841 . PMID   21944045 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
" https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????_????_?????&oldid=273855 " ?? ?????? ???