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1. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
2. ↑ Miho Museum News (Shiga, Japan) Volume 23 (March 2009). "Eurasian winds toward Silla" . ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
3. ↑ Gan, Fuxi (2009). Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road . Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (??? Ancient Glass Research along the Silk Road, World Scientific). ? ???? ???? 41. ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   978-981-283-356-3 . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
4. ↑ Elisseeff, Vadime (2001). The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce . UNESCO Publishing / Berghahn Books. ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   978-92-3-103652-1 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
5. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
6. ↑ Boulnois, Luce (2005). Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants . Hong Kong: Odyssey Books. ? ???? ????  66 . ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   978-962-217-721-5 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
7. ↑ Xinru, Liu (2010). The Silk Road in World History New York: Oxford University Press , p. 11.
8. ↑ "The Horses of the Steppe: The Mongolian Horse and the Blood-Sweating Stallions | Silk Road in Rare Books" . dsr.nii.ac.jp . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
9. ↑ (?? 10 December 2012 ?????) . Treasures of Ancient Altai Nomads Revealed .
10. ↑ (?? 21 August 2013 ?????) . Additional Berel Burial Sites Excavated .
11. ↑ Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tignor, Robert (2011). Worlds Together Worlds Apart . New York: Norton. ? ???? ????  278 . ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   978-0-393-91847-2 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
12. ↑ Lubec, G.; J. Holauerghsrthbek; C. Feldl; B. Lubec; E. Strouhal (4 March 1993). "Use of silk in ancient Egypt". Nature . 362 (6415): 25. Bibcode : 1993Natur.362...25L . doi : 10.1038/362025b0 . S2CID   1001799 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) (also available here "Use of Silk In Ancient Egypt" . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) )
13. ↑ Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC ? 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers , No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 31 footnote #56, ?????:ISSN .
14. ↑ Hanks, Reuel R. (2010). Global Security Watch: Central Asia , Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: Praeger, p. 3.
15. ↑ Mark J. Dresden (2003). "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1219, ISBN   978-0-521-24699-6 .
16. ↑ Prevas, John (2004). Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey Across Asia . Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ? ???? ????  121 . ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   978-0-306-81268-2 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
17. ↑ "Strabo XI.XI.I" . Perseus.tufts.edu . ? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
18. ↑ Bentley, Jerry H. (1993). Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Time . New York: Oxford University Press. ? ???? ????  54 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
19. ↑ Xinru Liu, The Silk Road in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 21.
20. ↑ " Strabo's Geography Book II Chapter 5 "
21. ↑ Bharuch , Bharuch website. Retrieved 19 November 2013
22. ↑ Barbarikon Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan website. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
23. ↑ Xinru Liu, The Silk Road in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 40.
24. ↑ "Silk Road" Archived 6 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine ., LIVIUS Articles of Ancient History. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
25. ↑ Howard, Michael C. (2012), Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel , McFarland & Company, p. 133.
26. ↑ Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note," in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art , Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 9, ISBN   978-0-520-03765-6 .
27. ↑ Liu, Xinru, "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in Michael Adas (ed), Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History , American Historical Association, Philadelphia: Temple University Press , 2001, p. 168.
28. ↑ Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-03519-5 , pp. 168?69.
29. ↑ Xinru Liu, The Silk Road in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 68.
30. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
31. ↑ Sogdian Trade, Encyclopedia Iranica , (retrieved 15 June 2007) < "Sogdian Trade ? Encyclopaedia Iranica" . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) >
32. ↑ Wink, Andre. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Brill Academic Publishers, 2002. ISBN   978-0-391-04173-8 .
33. ↑ Dybo A.V. (2007) Chronology of Turkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Turks , p. 786, [?]
34. ↑ Xinru Liu, The Silk Road in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 109.
35. ↑ Enerelt Enkhbold, "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships," Central Asian Survey 38, no. 4 (2019): 531-547
36. ↑ The Pax Mongolica Archived 5 May 1999 at the Wayback Machine ., by Daniel C. Waugh, University of Washington, Seattle
37. ↑ J.N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history "????? ????" . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) . p. 61. ISBN   978-1-85109-658-9
38. ↑ John Kelly (2005). The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time Harper. ISBN   978-0-06-000693-8
39. ↑ Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp 112.
40. ↑ Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.
41. ↑ Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off in Hellenic Shipping News, 4. December 2018.
42. ↑ Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp 112.
43. ↑ Chazizam, M. (2018). The Chinese Maritime Silk Road Initiative: The Role of the Mediterranean. Mediterranean Quarterly, 29(2), 54-69.
44. ↑ Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off in Hellenic Shipping News, 4. December 2018.
45. ↑ Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019.
46. ↑ Linda Vierecke, Elisabetta Galla "Triest und die neue Seidenstraße" In: Deutsche Welle, 8 December 2020.
47. ↑ Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.
48. ↑ Charles Stevens "Along the New Silk Road ? Piraeus: China’s gateway into Europe" In: Geographical 17.8.2018.
49. ↑ "Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off" in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 December 2018.
50. ↑ Thomas Fromm "Hanseatische Seidenstraße" In: Suddeutsche Zeitung 5 October 2020.
51. ↑ Andreas Eckert: Mit Mao nach Daressalam. In: Die Zeit 28 March 2019, p 17.
52. ↑ Harry G. Broadman "Afrika´s Silk Road" (2007), pp 59.
53. ↑ New Silk Road: Everything that belongs to the mega project (German)
54. ↑ (?? 20 July 2013 ?????) . Hauling New Treasure Along the Silk Road .
55. ↑ (?? 22 June 2009 ?????) . Asia-Pacific | Asia takes first step on modern 'Silk Route' . BBC News .
56. ↑ "A Silk Road for the 21st century: Freight rail linking China and Germany officially begins operations" . Shanghaiist . 4 July 2011. ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
57. ↑ (?? 3 January 2017 ?????) . 'China freight train' in first trip to Barking .
58. ↑ Silk Road route back in business as China train rolls into London Archived 15 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine ., Tracy McVeigh, The Observer, 14 January 2017
59. ↑ Christian, David (2000). "Silk Roads or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History". Journal of World History . 11 (1): 1?26. ISSN   1045-6007 . JSTOR   20078816 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
60. ↑ Ulric Killion, A Modern Chinese Journey to the West: Economic Globalisation And Dualism , (Nova Science Publishers: 2006), p.66