? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???
? ????? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? hominid (????? ????? ?????) ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?
Homo sapiens
(????? ???? ?? ??????) ? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???. ?? ????? ? bipedalism (? ????? ??? ??? ?????) ?? ??? ? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? hominins (????? ???? ????) ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??.
[?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ? ?????? 85 ??????? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? 55 ??????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???.
[?]
[?]
[?]
? Hominoidea ???? ????? ??? ? Hominoidea (???? ????????) ????? ??????? ? 15-20 ??????? ???? ???? ?? Hylobatidae (? ????? ???? ????????) ??? ??? ???? ? Homininae (???????? ????????) ???? ????? ? 14 ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? Ponginae (orangutans) ??? ??? ???? ? Hominini ????? (? ?????????
Australopithecus
?? ???????? ?? ????) ? 8-9 ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? Gorillini (??????????) ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? Hominina (??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????) ?? Panina (???????) ???? ????? ? 4-7 ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??.
[?]
???????? ????????
[
????
]
? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ????? (??????) ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? Pleistocene (? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????) ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???. ? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? bipedalism (??? ??? ???)? ? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ontogeny (?????????? ?? ?????????) ?? ?? ??? ???? dimorphism (??? ??? ????) ??. ? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??. ??? ? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??
H. erectus
?? ???? ????.
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
??? ??? ????
[
????
]
Bipedalism (??? ??? ????) ?
hominid
(????? ????) ?????? ???? ?? ?? ? ???? hominids (????? ????) bipedal (??? ??? ??????) ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?????? hominin (????? ????)? ???????? ? ???????
bipedalism
(??? ??? ????) ???? ?????? ??? ??
Sahelanthropus
??
Orrorin
?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 6 ?? 7 ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??. ?? ????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?
hominin
(????? ????) ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??
Sahelanthropus
??
Orrorin
????? ?????? ?? ???? ??.
Ardipithecus?
?? ????
biped
(??? ??? ?????? ?????) ? ?????? 5.6 ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??.
[??]
[??]
??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? australopithecines ?? ?????? ?? ?? genus
Homo
?? ????? ???. ? bipedalism (??? ??? ????) ? ????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???. ? ?? ????? ??? ?? bipedalism (??? ??? ????) ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? hyperthermia (?? ????) ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???. ? 2007 ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? bipedalism ?? (??? ??? ????)? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????. ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? brachiation (??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???) ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??. ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? australopithecines ? ??????? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??. ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?? habilines ?? ?? ???? ????.
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
? bipedalism (??? ??? ????) ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??. femur (? ????? ?????) ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ? S ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? lumbar vertebrae (??? ????) ???? ?? ????? ??? ??. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???. foramen magnum (????? ????) ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???.
[??]
[??]
??? ? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? iliac blade ? ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? bipedal hominids (????? ???? ??? ??? ????) ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ? bipedal (??? ??? ????) ???????? ? ????? ????? ? knuckle-walking ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ???????? ?? australopithecine ? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ? bipedal (?? ??? ???) ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??.
[??]
[??]
? ????? ??????? ?? ? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??. ? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? (? ??? ?? ?????) ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? 90 ???? ??????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? 12 ?????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??. ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ? alloparenting ??? ?? ?? ???? hominids (????? ????) ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ? menopause (??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????) ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
??????
[
????
]
- ↑
Brian K. Hall
; Benedikt Hallgrimsson (2011).
Strickberger's Evolution
. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ? ???? ???? 488.
? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
978-1-4496-6390-2
.
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Rogers Ackermann, Rebecca; Mackay, Alex; Arnold, Michael L (October 2015). "The Hybrid Origin of "Modern" Humans".
Evolutionary Biology
.
43
(1): 1?11.
doi
:
10.1007/s11692-015-9348-1
.
S2CID
14329491
.
- ↑
Antrosio, Jason (August 23, 2018).
"Denisovans and Neandertals: Rethinking Species Boundaries"
.
Living Anthropologically
.
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Human Hybrids
Archived
2018-08-24 at the
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Yong, Ed (July 2011). "Mosaic humans, the hybrid species".
New Scientist
.
211
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Bibcode
:
2011NewSc.211...34Y
.
doi
:
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.
- ↑
Heng, Henry H.Q. (May 2009). "The genome-centric concept: resynthesis of evolutionary theory".
BioEssays
.
31
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doi
:
10.1002/bies.200800182
.
ISSN
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.
PMID
19334004
.
S2CID
1336952
.
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Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
- ↑
Tyson, Peter (July 1, 2008).
"Meet Your Ancestors"
.
Nova ScienceNow
. PBS;
WGBH Educational Foundation
. ? ???????????
April 18,
2015
.
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Planck 2012
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Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
- ↑
Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
- ↑
Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
- ↑
Boyd & Silk 2003
- ↑
Brues & Snow 1965
, pp.
1?39
- ↑
Brunet, Michel
; Guy, Franck;
Pilbeam, David
; et al. (July 11, 2002). "A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa".
Nature
.
418
(6894): 145?151.
Bibcode
:
2002Natur.418..145B
.
doi
:
10.1038/nature00879
.
ISSN
0028-0836
.
PMID
12110880
.
S2CID
1316969
.
- ↑
White, T. D.; Asfaw, B.; Beyene, Y.; Haile-Selassie, Y.; Lovejoy, C. O.; Suwa, G.; Woldegabriel, G. (2009).
"Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids"
.
Science
.
326
(5949): 75?86.
Bibcode
:
2009Sci...326...75W
.
doi
:
10.1126/science.1175802
.
PMID
19810190
.
S2CID
20189444
.
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Kwang Hyun, Ko (2015). "Origins of Bipedalism".
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology
.
58
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arXiv
:
1508.02739
.
Bibcode
:
2015arXiv150802739K
.
doi
:
10.1590/S1516-89132015060399
.
S2CID
761213
.
- ↑
DeSalle & Tattersall 2008
, p.
146
- ↑
Kwang Hyun, Ko (2015). "Origins of Bipedalism".
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology
.
58
(6): 929?934.
arXiv
:
1508.02739
.
Bibcode
:
2015arXiv150802739K
.
doi
:
10.1590/S1516-89132015060399
.
S2CID
761213
.
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Curry 2008
, pp. 106?109
- ↑
(?? July 17, 2007 ?????)
.
Study Identifies Energy Efficiency As Reason For Evolution Of Upright Walking
.
ScienceDaily
. ScienceDaily, LLC
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Sockol, Michael D.; Raichlen, David A.; Pontzer, Herman (July 24, 2007).
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.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
.
104
(30): 12265?12269.
Bibcode
:
2007PNAS..10412265S
.
doi
:
10.1073/pnas.0703267104
.
ISSN
0027-8424
.
PMC
1941460
.
PMID
17636134
.
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David-Barrett, T.; Dunbar, R.I.M. (2016).
"Bipedality and Hair-loss Revisited: The Impact of Altitude and Activity Scheduling"
.
Journal of Human Evolution
.
94
: 72?82.
doi
:
10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.006
.
PMC
4874949
.
PMID
27178459
.
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Aiello & Dean 1990
- ↑
Kondo 1985
- ↑
Strickberger 2000
, pp.
475?476
- ↑
Srivastava 2009
, p.
87
- ↑
Trevathan 2011
, p.
20
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Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer (2011), "Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding" (Harvard Uni Press)
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Wayman, Erin (August 19, 2013).
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.
Science News
.
ISSN
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. ? ???????????
April 24,
2015
.
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Zuk, Marlene (2014), "Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us About Sex, Diet, and How We Live" (W.W. Norton & Company)