???? ???????

? ????? ??????? (?? ????? ???: Deutsches Kaiserreich ) ?? ? ???? ????? ????????? ( Kaiserreich) ? ?? ??? ???? (???? ???? ????)? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. ^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]

?? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? (??????????) ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??. ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ? ??? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????-?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??. ^[??]

? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? (? ??? ???????)? ???? ??????? (?? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??)? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??. ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? (Deutcher Kaiser) ?? ?.

?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?????? (?? ?????? ??????)? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???. ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??. ? ???? ??? ? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???. ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ??????? ? ??? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?. ????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???. ? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ???? ??????? ???? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ( Weltpolitik ) ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????. ^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]

?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??. ? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??. ? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???. ????? ? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???. ^[??]^[??]

? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?. ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?????- ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??????? ??? ? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??. ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ????? ???.

?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???. ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ???. ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ? ?????-?????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???. ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???. ? ???? ???. ? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????- ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?? ??????? ????? ???. ? ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? (?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????)? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??. ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????. ^[??]^[??]^[??]

?????? [ ???? ]

↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term Script error: The function "lang" does not exist. literally denotes an empire ? particularly a hereditary empire led by an emperor, although Script error: The function "lang" does not exist. has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it had a weak hereditary tradition. In the case of the German Empire, the official name was Script error: The function "lang" does not exist. , which is properly translated as "German Empire" because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a " presidency " of a confederation of German states led by the King of Prussia who would assume "the title of German Emperor" as referring to the German people, but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state. ? " The German Empire ." Harper's New Monthly Magazine . vol. 63, issue 376, pp. 591?603; here p. 593. ?????:POV statement
↑ World Book, Inc. The World Book dictionary, Volume 1 . World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany.
↑ Joseph Whitaker. Whitaker's almanack, 1991 . J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. Refers to the term Script error: The function "lang" does not exist. being translated into English as "German Realm", up to and including the Weimar period.
↑ See, for example, Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914?1918 . 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Muller, eds., Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates & New Perspectives . Oxford: Berghahn, 2011; James Retallack, ed., Imperial Germany 1871?1918 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008; Isabel V. Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
↑ "German Empire" . Britannica . ? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Kitchen, Martin (2011). A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present . John Wiley & Sons. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-1-44439-689-8 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ Michael Kotulla: Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806?1918. Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einfuhrungen. 1. Band: Gesamtdeutschland, Anhaltische Staaten und Baden. Springer, Berlin 2006, pp. 231, 246
↑ J. H. Clapham, The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815?1914 (1936)
↑ Germany article of Encyclopedia Britannia, Link :
↑ Azar Gat (2008). War in Human Civilization . Oxford University Press. ? ???? ???? 517. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0-19-923663-3 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Alfred Vagts, "Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich." The Journal of Military History 3.4 (1939): 210+ ?????:JSTOR
↑ Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (1987)
↑ Matthias Heine (?? 17 September 2012 ?????) . Diese deutschen Worter kennt man noch in der Sudsee . Die Welt .
↑ (?? 28 July 2017 ?????) . Germany Confronts the Forgotten Story of Its Other Genocide . The Wall Street Journal .
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[constitution-1] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[tuttle-2] Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term Script error: The function "lang" does not exist. literally denotes an empire ? particularly a hereditary empire led by an emperor, although Script error: The function "lang" does not exist. has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it had a weak hereditary tradition. In the case of the German Empire, the official name was Script error: The function "lang" does not exist. , which is properly translated as "German Empire" because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a " presidency " of a confederation of German states led by the King of Prussia who would assume "the title of German Emperor" as referring to the German people, but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state. ? " The German Empire ." Harper's New Monthly Magazine . vol. 63, issue 376, pp. 591?603; here p. 593. ?????:POV statement

[3] World Book, Inc. The World Book dictionary, Volume 1 . World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany.

[4] Joseph Whitaker. Whitaker's almanack, 1991 . J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. Refers to the term Script error: The function "lang" does not exist. being translated into English as "German Realm", up to and including the Weimar period.

[5] See, for example, Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914?1918 . 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Muller, eds., Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates & New Perspectives . Oxford: Berghahn, 2011; James Retallack, ed., Imperial Germany 1871?1918 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008; Isabel V. Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.

[6] "German Empire" . Britannica . ? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[7] Kitchen, Martin (2011). A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present . John Wiley & Sons. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-1-44439-689-8 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[8] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[9] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[10] Michael Kotulla: Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806?1918. Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einfuhrungen. 1. Band: Gesamtdeutschland, Anhaltische Staaten und Baden. Springer, Berlin 2006, pp. 231, 246

[11] J. H. Clapham, The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815?1914 (1936)

[auto-12] Germany article of Encyclopedia Britannia, Link :

[Gat2008-13] Azar Gat (2008). War in Human Civilization . Oxford University Press. ? ???? ???? 517. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0-19-923663-3 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[14] Alfred Vagts, "Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich." The Journal of Military History 3.4 (1939): 210+ ?????:JSTOR

[15] Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (1987)

[16] Matthias Heine (?? 17 September 2012 ?????) . Diese deutschen Worter kennt man noch in der Sudsee . Die Welt .

[17] (?? 28 July 2017 ?????) . Germany Confronts the Forgotten Story of Its Other Genocide . The Wall Street Journal .

[18] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[19] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[20] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

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