???????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ( ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????) ?? ? ???? Forth ????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? Lothian ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? . ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??.
[?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??. ? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? Holyroodhouse ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??. ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??. ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ?.? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?.? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?. ? ???? ???
Time Out
???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
[?]
[?]
[?]
? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???.??? ? ? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???.??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? East Lothian Lothian? ???? Fife¸ ????????? Midlothian ? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?.???.??? ???? ??? ??.
[?]
[?]
?? ??? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??. ? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ? QS ( ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ? ?????????? ???? ???? ???) ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? Fringe ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? Edinburgh Castle? ? ???? ??????? Holyroodhouse ? ? ???? ???? St. Giles? ??? ????Greyfriars ?? ??????? Canongate ??????? ??. ? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????.
[??]
[??]
????????? ?? ? ?????? ???
[
????
]
????? "Edin" ? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? Eidyn ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??. ? Eidyn ????? ? ??? ????? Din Eidyn ?? ??? ??? ?? ? dun ?? Eidyn ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? Castle Rock ?? ?? ??? ? ???????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??. ???? Eidyn ? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ??. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? Northumbrian ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? Din Eidyn ?? ? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ? ????
burh
?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??.?? ?? ???? ??? ??? din ?? ??????? ?? ???Scottish Gaelic ??? ?? ?? ?? dun ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??.
[??]
[??]
[??]
?? ??????
[
????
]
?? ??? ?? ? ??????? ?? ??? ? ???? ????
Auld Reekie
??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???. ? ??? ???? Allan Ramsay ( ?? ???????? ???? ?) ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? " ?? ???? ???? Auld Reeky " ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???????.
[??]
[??]
[??]
????? ??? ??? Thomas Carlyle ( ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?) ????" ? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??????? Aeneas Silvius ( ? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ? ???? ? ???????? ????? ? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ? ????) ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??????? Aeneas Silvius ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??? ? ???????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ? Auld Reeki ?? ???? ?????? "
[??]
? ????? ???? Walter Scott ? ??? ????
The Abbot
?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? " .... ????? ???? ???? Auld Reekie ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? "
[??]
????? ????? Robert Chambers ( ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ) ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? Fife ( ? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??) ? ???? ????? ? ????? Largo ????? Durham ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ???? ???????? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ????????.
[??]
??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ? ??? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ?????. ? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ( ???? ???????) ?? ????? ??? ??????. ? ??????? ? ???? ???? Castle Rock ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? Leith ?? ?????? Piraeus ????? ???? ???? ??. ?? ???? ???? ? ? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??. ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ?????? ? ????? Calton Hill ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ? ?????? ???? Parthenon ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??. ? ??? ??????? ( ? ?????? ???? ??????) ? ?????
Jumpers
?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? Archie ???? ?? ???????? Reykjavik ( ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??) ????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ???? ???????? Reykjavik ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??.
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????????? Edinburgum ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????????
Edinburgensis
?? ????????
Edinensis
?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????.
[??]
[??]
?????? Edina ? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? Robert Fergusson ?? ????? ???? Burns ?? ??? ????? ??? ??. ?????? Embra ?? ?????? Embro ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ? ???? ????? ?????? Robert Garioch ? Embro to the Ploy ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
[??]
[??]
?? ????? Ben Jonson ( ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??) ???????? ? ???????? Britaine ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? Sir Walter Scott ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???.
[??]
[??]
[??]
??????
[
????
]
- ↑
"Definition of
Edinburgh
in Oxford dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word"
.
Oxford Dictionaries
. Oxford University Press. 2013. ?
????
????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????
. ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????
.
- ↑
"edinburgh - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com"
.
www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????
.
- ↑
"the definition of Edinburgh"
.
Dictionary.com
.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????
.
- ↑
"Scottish Counties and Parishes: their history and boundaries on maps"
. National Library of Scotland.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ?? ????
.
- ↑
Invest in Edinburgh.
"Financial Services"
.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????
.
- ↑
"Edinburgh by Numbers 2019"
.
www.edinburgh.gov.uk
.
City of Edinburgh Council
. ?
????
(PDF)
????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????
. ? ??????????? ?? ?? ????
.
- ↑
Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
- ↑
"Edinburgh and South East Scotland City Region"
.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????
.
- ↑
"City Region Deal secured"
.
www.edinburgh.gov.uk
. The City of Edinburgh Council.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????
.
- ↑
"QS World University Rankings 2023: Top global universities"
.
Topuniversities.com
. ? ??????????? ?? ??? ????
.
- ↑
"Edinburgh-World Heritage Site"
.
VisitScotland
. ?
????
????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????
. ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????
.
- ↑
Gelling, Margaret
;
Nicolaisen, W. F. H.
; Richards, Melville (1970).
The Names of Towns and Cities in Britain
. Batsford. ? ???? ???? 88?89.
? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
978-0-7134-5235-8
.
- ↑
Room, Adrian (2006).
Placenames of the World
. McFarland. ? ???? ???? 118?119.
? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
978-0-7864-2248-7
. ? ??????????? ?? ???? ????
.
- ↑
Driscoll, Stephen; Yeoman, Peter A. (1997).
Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988?91
.
12
.
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
. ? ???? ???? 229.
? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
978-0-903-903127
.
- ↑
"Dictionary of the Scots Language :: SND :: Auld adj"
.
www.dsl.ac.uk
.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????
.
- ↑
"Dictionary of the Scots Language :: SND :: Reek n.1, v."
www.dsl.ac.uk
.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????
.
- ↑
Ramsay, Allan
.
The poems of Allan Ramsay
.
1
. ? ???? ???? 50.
- ↑
Carlyle, Thomas
(1898).
Historical Sketches...
Chapman and Hall. ? ???? ???? 304?305.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????
.
- ↑
Scott, Walter
(1821).
The Abbot
. Philadelphia: Hickman and Hazzard.
- ↑
Chambers, Robert
(1868).
Traditions of Edinburgh
. Edinburgh and London: W. & R. Chambers. ? ???? ???? 168.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????
.
- ↑
Lowrey, John (2001).
"From Caesarea to Athens: Greek Revival Edinburgh and the Question of Scottish Identity within the Unionist State"
.
Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
.
60
(2): 136?157.
doi
:
10.2307/991701
.
ISSN
0037-9808
.
JSTOR
991701
.
- ↑
Thomson, Herbert F. (1987),
"The Scottish Enlightenment and Political Economy"
,
Pre-Classical Economic Thought
, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, ? ???? ???? 221?255,
doi
:
10.1007/978-94-009-3255-5_14
,
? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
978-94-010-7960-0
, ? ??????????? ?? ?? ????
- ↑
"Athens Of The North"
.
Edinburgh World Heritage
. 24 November 2017
. ? ??????????? ?? ?? ????
.
- ↑
McKee, Kirsten Carter (2015).
"The Genius Loci of the Athens of the North: The Cultural Significance of Edinburgh's Calton Hill"
.
Garden History
.
43
: 64?69.
ISSN
0307-1243
.
JSTOR
26589592
.
- ↑
Stoppard, Tom.
Jumpers
, Grove Press, 1972, p. 69.
- ↑
Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
- ↑
"Pharmaceutical Latin Abbreviations"
. Herbdatanz.com. ?
????
????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????
. ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????
.
- ↑
"Embro, Embro ? the hidden history of Edinburgh in its music"
. ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????
.
- ↑
"Makars Literary Tour | Robert Garioch"
. Edinburghliterarypubtour.co.uk.
??????
? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????
. ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????
.
- ↑
The Cambridge Companion to Ben Jonson
Archived
17 August 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
.. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
- ↑
Marmion A Tale of Flodden Field by Walter Scott
Archived
26 September 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
.. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
- ↑
Stevenson, Robert Louis (1903).
Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes
.
Project Gutenberg
. ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????
.