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?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???. ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????-????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? H 2 NCHRCOOH, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? R ?? ???? ???? ??. [?] ?? ????-????? ??????? ?? ? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? α??????? ????. ??????? ????-????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ????? (R ????) ?? ?? ? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???. ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????????? ???? ???.

??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???-????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??. ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ? ??????? ???? ??? EDTA ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ? ??? ????-????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? (??? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????).

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? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????-????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ? ??? ? ????? ???? ??. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????.

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?? polypeptide ? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??.

????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? (???????) ??. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????. ? ????????? ???????? (?????????-?????) ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ????????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????. ? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ? ???????? ????????????? ? ????? ? ?????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ? ?????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?? ? ?????????? ?? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?????? ????????????? ? ??????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ???-?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????.

?? ?????????? ?? ????

???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. [?] ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ? ???????????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????. [?] ??????-??????? ????? ???? ??? ? ????????????? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????. [?]

?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???. ?????????????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ????? 2-???????????????? ???? ?? ????????? ? ??? ?? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ? ??? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ????. [?] ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? 1-?????????????????-1-???????????? ???? ?? ????? disubstituted ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ? ???? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??. [?]

?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ???. ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????-???????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????:

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???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ???????????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ??????. [?] ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??.

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Further information: [[: ? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ]]
? ???? ????? ??????? (α-amino acid) ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????.

???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? R ? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? C α ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? R-??? ?????? ???? ??. ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? (?? ????? ???? ??) ?? ??? ????? (?? ????? ??????? ??) ?????????? ???. ? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???.

The phrase " branched-chain amino acids " or BCAA is sometimes used to refer to the amino acids having aliphatic side-chains that are non-linear, these are leucine , isoleucine and valine . Proline is the only proteinogenic amino acid whose side group links to the α-amino group, and thus is also the only proteinogenic amino acid containing a secondary amine at this position. Proline has sometimes been termed an imino acid , but this is not correct in the current nomenclature. [?]

The two optical isomers of alanine.

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? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ?????.

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?? ????? ????? ?? (1) ??????? (?? ????) ?? ?? (2) ?? ?????????? ???.

???-??? ?? ???-????? ????? ???????

? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ? ???? ???????? ???????

???? ?????: ? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????
????? ???? ?-???? ????? ?-???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? [?]
?????? Ala A ??????? neutral 1.8
??????? Arg R ???? ?????? (??????) -4.5
???????? Asn N ???? neutral -3.5
???????? ???? Asp D ???? ?????? -3.5
?????? Cys C ???? neutral 2.5
???????? ???? Glu E ???? ?????? -3.5
???????? Gln Q ???? neutral -3.5
??????? Gly G ??????? neutral -0.4
??????? His H ???? ?????? (??????) -3.2
?????????? Ile I ??????? neutral 4.5
?????? Leu L ??????? neutral 3.8
????? Lys K ???? ?????? -3.9
???????? Met M ??????? neutral 1.9
?????-?????? Phe F ??????? neutral 2.8
?????? Pro P ??????? neutral -1.6
????? Ser S ???? neutral -0.8
??????? Thr T ???? neutral -0.7
????????? Trp W ??????? neutral -0.9
??????? Tyr Y ???? neutral -1.3
????? Val V ??????? neutral 4.2

In addition to the normal amino acid codes, placeholders were used historically in cases where chemical or crystallographic analysis of a peptide or protein could not completely establish the identity of a certain residue in a structure. The ones they could not resolve between are these pairs of amino-acids:

Ambiguous ????? ??????? ?-???? ????? ?-???? ?????
???????? ?? ???????? ???? Asx B
???????? ?? ???????? ???? Glx Z
?????? ?? ?????????? Xle J
???????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? Xaa X

Unk is sometimes used instead of Xaa , but is less standard.

??? ?????? ????? ???????

The amino acid selenocysteine .

? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???. ? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??. ???????????? ?? Selenocysteine is incorporated into some proteins at a UGA codon , which is normally a stop codon. [??] Pyrrolysine is used by some methanogenic archaea in enzymes that they use to produce methane . It is coded for with the codon UAG. [??]

????????? ? ?-???????????????? ???? ? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ????-???????????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????. ? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????. [??]

??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????. ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ?? ? ?????? ??????????? ??-???????? ???????? ?? S-adenosyl methionine ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? [??] ?? ??????? ??? ? l-DOPA ???? ?? ???????????????? ??? ? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. [??]

?? ????? ?? ???? ???????

? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???????
???????? (????????-????? ??????-1-?????? ?????) ? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
5-HTP (5-????????????????????) ? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????-????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.
L-DOPA (L-??? ??????????????? ??????) ? ??????????? ??????.
????????? ???????? Food additive that enhances flavor. Confers the taste umami .

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??? ????? : [[ ?? ???? ?? ?????? ]]

? 20 ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???. [??] ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???-??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??. [??]

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???????? ?????? *
?????-?????? ????????
??????? ???????? *
????????? ??????? *
????? ?????? *
??????? * ????? *
??????? * ??????? *

(*) ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????. [??] [??]

Several common mnemonics have evolved for remembering the ten amino acids often described as essential. PVT TIM HALL (" Private Tim Hall") uses the first letter of each essential amino acid, excluding arginine. [??] Another mnemonic that frequently occurs in student practice materials is " T hese t en v aluable a mino acids h ave l ong p reserved l ife i n m an". [??]

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  1. ↑ Proline is an exception to this general formula. It lacks the NH 2 group because of the cyclization of the side chain.
  2. ↑ Sakami W, Harrington H. "Amino acid metabolism". Annu Rev Biochem . 32 : 355?98. PMID   14144484 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  3. ↑ Brosnan J (2000). "Glutamate, at the interface between amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism" . J Nutr . 130 (4S Suppl): 988S?90S. PMID   10736367 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  4. ↑ Young V, Ajami A (2001). "Glutamine: the emperor or his clothes?" . J Nutr . 131 (9 Suppl): 2449S?59S, discussion 2486S-7S. PMID   11533293 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  5. ↑ Whitmore L, Wallace B (2004). "Analysis of peptaibol sequence composition: implications for in vivo synthesis and channel formation". Eur Biophys J . 33 (3): 233?7. PMID   14534753 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  6. ↑ Alexander L, Grierson D (2002). "Ethylene biosynthesis and action in tomato: a model for climacteric fruit ripening" . J Exp Bot . 53 (377): 2039?55. PMID   12324528 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  7. ↑ Llorca J (2004). "Organic matter in meteorites" (PDF) . Int Microbiol . 7 (4): 239?48. PMID   15666244 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  8. ↑ Claude Liebecq (Ed) Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents , 2nd edition, Portland Press, 1992, pages 39-69 ISBN 978-1-85578-005-7
  9. ↑ Kyte J & RF Doolittle (1982). "A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein". J. Mol. Biol. (157): 105?132. PMID 7108955 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  10. ↑ Driscoll D, Copeland P. "Mechanism and regulation of selenoprotein synthesis". Annu Rev Nutr . 23 : 17?40. PMID   12524431 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  11. ↑ Krzycki J (2005). "The direct genetic encoding of pyrrolysine". Curr Opin Microbiol . 8 (6): 706?12. PMID   16256420 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  12. ↑ Curis E, Nicolis I, Moinard C, Osowska S, Zerrouk N, Benazeth S, Cynober L (2005). "Almost all about citrulline in mammals". Amino Acids . 29 (3): 177?205. PMID   16082501 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) ????? CS1: ????? ??????: ????????? ????? ( link )
  13. ↑ Brosnan J, Brosnan M (2006). "The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview". J Nutr . 136 (6 Suppl): 1636S?1640S. PMID   16702333 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  14. ↑ Kivirikko K, Pihlajaniemi T. "Collagen hydroxylases and the protein disulfide isomerase subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylases". Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol . 72 : 325?98. PMID   9559057 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  15. ↑ Young VR (1994). "Adult amino acid requirements: the case for a major revision in current recommendations" (PDF) . J. Nutr . 124 (8 Suppl): 1517S?1523S. PMID   8064412 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  16. ↑ Imura K, Okada A (1998). "Amino acid metabolism in pediatric patients" . Nutrition . 14 (1): 143?8. PMID   9437700 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  17. ↑ Furst P, Stehle P (2004). "What are the essential elements needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans?" . J. Nutr . 134 (6 Suppl): 1558S?1565S. PMID   15173430 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  18. ↑ Reeds PJ (2000). "Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans" . J. Nutr . 130 (7): 1835S?40S. PMID   10867060 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  19. ↑ "Chapter 39 PVT TIM HALL" . ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? . ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
  20. ↑ Memory aids for medical biochemistry. http://mednote.co.kr/Yellownote/BIOCHMNEMON.htm Archived 2007-10-16 at the Wayback Machine . Access date 25 February 2006

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biochemical families : prot   · nucl   · carb ( glpr , alco , glys )  · lipd ( fata / i , phld , strd , gllp , eico )  · amac / i   · ncbs / i   · ttpy / i
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