?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ????

?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???
?????? ????, ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?? 2006 ???? ?????

?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??, ??????? ??? '?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? [1] [2] ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????-??-???? ??? [3] 1789 ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????, 45 ?????? ?? 46 ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????????, ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? [4] ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???-?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 22??? ??? 24??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??, ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? '?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? [5] ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? [6]

?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? [ ???? ]

# ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????
1 ???? ?????????
(1732-1799) 		30 ??????, 1789 4 ????, 1797 ?????
1
(1789)
---
2
(1789)
??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????
(1775?1783)
??? ?????
2 ??? ?????
(1735-1826) 		4 ????, 1797 4 ????, 1801 ???? ????? 3
(1796) 		?? ????????? ???? ???????
3 ???? ???????
(1743-1826) 		4 ????, 1801 4 ????, 1809 ?????????? ????? 4
(1800)
........
5
(1804) 		?? ????????? 1
(???? ???)
........
2
(????? ??????)
4 ???? ??????
(1755-1832) 		4 ????, 1809 4 ????, 1817 ?????????? ????? 6
(1808)
......
7
(1812) 		?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????
(4 ????, 1809 ? 20 ?????, 1812)
--
????
(20 ?????, 1812 ? 4 ????, 1813)
--
??????? ????

(4 ????, 1813 ? 23 ?????, 1814)
--
????
(23 ?????, 1814 ? 4 ????, 1817)

5 ????? ?????
(1758-1831) 		4 ????, 1817 4 ????, 1825 ?????????? ????? 8
(1816)
.......
9
(1820) 		?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????
(1811-1817) 		?????? ?? ?????????
6 ???? ??????? ?????
(1767-188) 		4 ????, 1825 4 ????, 1829 ?????????? ????? 10
(1824) 		?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????
(1817-1825) 		??? ?? ??????
7 ?????? ?????
(1767-1845) 		4 ????, 1829 4 ????, 1837 ?????????? ????? 11
(1828)
.....
12
(1832) 		??????
(1823?1825) 		??? ?? ??????
(4 ???? 1829 ? 28 ?????,1832)
---
????
(28 ?????, 1832 ?4 ????, 1833)
---
?????? ??? ?????
8 ?????? ??? ?????
(1782-1862) 		4 ????, 1837 4 ????, 1841 ?????????? ????? 13
(1836) 		?? ????????? ????? ????? ??????
9 ?????? ????? ??????
(1773?1841)
4 ????, 1841 4 ??????, 1841 ????? ????? 14
(1840) 		??????? ?? ?????
(1828?1829) 		???? ?????
10 ???? ?????
(1790?1862)
4 ??????, 1841 4 ????, 1845 ????? ?????
(4 ?????, 1841 ? 13 ?????, 1841)
---
??? ????? ????
(13 ?????, 1841 ? 4 ????, 1845) 		14
(1840) 		?? ????????? ????
11 ????? ??. ???
(1795?1849)
4 ????, 1845 4 ????, 1849 ?????????? ????? 15
(1844) 		?????? ?? ?????
(1839?1841) 		???? ?? ????
12 ????? ?????
(1784?1850)
4 ????, 1849 9 ?????, 1850 ????? ????? 16
(1848) 		????? ???? ?????? ??????
13 ?????? ??????
(1800?1874) 		9 ?????, 1850 4 ????, 1853 ????? ????? 16
(1848) 		?? ????????? ????
14 ???????? ?????
(1804?1869)
4 ????, 1853 4 ????, 1857 ?????????? ????? 17
(1852) 		??????
(1837?1842) 		?????? ?? ????
(4 ????, 1853 ? 18 ?????, 1853)
--
????
(18 ?????, 1853 ? 4 ????, 1857)
15 ???? ???????
(1791?1868)
4 ????, 1857 4 ????, 1861 ?????????? ????? 18
(1856) 		??????? '? ?????? ?? ???????
(1853?1856) 		??? ?? ??????????
16 ??????? ?????
(1809?1865) 		4 ????, 1861 15 ?????, 1865 ????????
???????? ?????? ?????? 		19
(1860)
---
20
(1864) 		???? ?? ??????????????? ?? ?????
(1847?1849) 		?????? ??????
--
???? ?????
17 ?????? ??????
(1808?1875)
15 ??????, 1865 4 ????, 1869 ?????????? ????? 20
(1864)
---
21
(1868) 		?? ????????? ????
18 ??????? ??. ?????
(1822?1885)
4 ????, 1869 4 ????, 1877 ???????? ????? 21
(1868)
---
22
(1872) 		?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
(1864-869) 		??????? ???????
---
????? ?????
(4 ????, 1873 ? 22 ?????, 1875)
---
????
(22 ?????, 1875 ? 4 ????, 1877)
19 ???????? ??. ?????
(1822?1893) 		4 ????, 1877 4 ????, 1881 ???????? ????? 23
(1876) 		???? ?? ?????
(1868?1872 & 1876?1877) 		?????? ?. ??????
20 ????? ?. ???????
(1831?1881) 		4 ????, 1881 19 ?????, 1881 ???????? ????? 24
(1880) 		???? ?? ??????????????? ?? ????? ????? ?. ????
21 ????? ?. ????
(1829?1886)
19 ?????, 1881 4 ????, 1885 ???????? ????? 24
(1880) 		?? ????????? ????
22 ????? ????????
(1837?1908) 		4 ????, 1885 4 ????, 1889 ?????????? ????? 25
(1884) 		??? ???? ?? ?????
(1883–1885) 		???? ?. ????????
(4 ????, 1885 ? 25 ?????, 1885)
---
????
(25 ?????, 1885 ? ???? 4, 1889)
23 ???????? ??????
(1833?1901)
4????, 1889 4 ????, 1893 ???????? ????? 26
(1888) 		??????
(1881?1887) 		???? ??. ?????
24 ????? ????????
(1837?1908)
4 ????, 1893 4 ????, 1897 ?????????? ????? 27
(1892) 		?????????
(1885?1889) 		????? ????????
25 ?????? ????????
(1843?1901)
4 ????, 1897 14 ?????, 1901 ???????? ????? 28
(1896)
---
29
(1900) 		???? ????? (1892–1896) ???? ?????
(4 ????, 1897 ?21 ?????, 1899)
---
????
(21?????, 1899 ? 4 ????, 1901)
---
?????? ???????
26 ?????? ???????
(1858?1919)
14 ?????, 1901 4 ????, 1909 ???????? ????? 29
(1900)
---
30
(1904) 		?? ????????? ????
---
????? ????? ?????????
27 ?????? ?????? ????
(1857?1930)
4 ????, 1909 4 ????, 1913 ???????? ????? 31 (1908) ?????? ?? ??? (1904–1908) ???? ??. ???????
(4 ????, 1909 ? 30 ??????, 1912)
---
????
(30 ??????, 1912 ? 4 ????, 1913)
28 ?????? ??????
(1856?1924) 		4 ????, 1913 4 ????, 1921 ?????????? ????? 32
(1912)
---
33
(1916) 		???? ?? ????? (1911–1913) ???? ??. ??????
29 ???? ??. ???????
(1865?1923)
4 ????, 1921 2 ????, 1923 ???????? ????? 34
(1920) 		?????? (1915–1921) ?????? ??????
30 ?????? ??????
(1872?1933)
2 ????, 1923 4 ????, 1929 ???????? ????? 35
(1924) 		?? ????????? ????? ??. ????
31 ????? ????
(1874?1964)
4 ????, 1929 4 ????, 1933 ???????? ????? 36
(1928) 		?????? ?? ???? (1921–1928) ????? ??????
32 ??????? ??. ???????
(1882?1945)
4 ???? 1933 12 ????? 1945 ?????????? ????? 37
(1932)
---
38
(1936)
---
39
(1940)
---
40
(1944) 		??????? ?? ????? (1929–1932) ??? ???? ?????
---
????? ?. ????
---
???? ??. ?????
33 ???? ??. ??????
(1884?1972)
12 ?????, 1945 20 ?????, 1953 ?????????? ????? 40
(1944)
---
41
(1948) 		?? ????????? ????
--
????? ????? ?????
34 ????? ??. ????????
(1890?1969)
20 ?????, 1953 20 ?????, 1961 ???????? ????? 42
(1952)
---
43
(1956) 		???? ?? ???? ?????
(1949?1952) 		????? ??????
35 ??? ??. ?????
(1917?1963)
20 ?????, 1961 22 ?????, 1963 ?????????? ????? 44
(1960) 		?????? (1953–1960) ????? ??. ?????
36 ????? ??.?????
(1908?1973)
22 ?????, 1963 20 ?????, 1969 ?????????? ????? 44
(1960)
---
45
(1964) 		?? ????????? ????
---
????? ??????
37 ????? ?????
(1913?1994)
20 ?????, 1969 9 ????, 1974 ???????? ????? 46
(1968)
---
47
(1972) 		?? ????????? (1953?1961) ?????? ?????
(20 ?????, 1969 ? 10 ??????, 1973)
---
????
(10 ??????, 1973 ? ????? 6, 1973)
????? ????
(6 ?????, 1973 ? 9 ????, 1974)
38 ????? ?????
(1913?2006)
9 ????, 1974 20 ?????, 1977 ???????? ????? 47
(1972) 		?? ????????? ????
(9 ????, 1974 ? 19 ?????, 1974) ????? ????????
(19 ?????, 1974 ? 20 ?????, 1977)
39 ???? ?????
(b.1924)
20 ?????, 1977 20 ?????, 1981 ?????????? ????? 48
(1976) 		?????? ?? ?????
(1971?1975) 		????? ??????
40 ????? ????
(1911?2004)
20 ?????, 1981 20 ?????, 1989 ???????? ????? 49
(1980)
--
50
(1984) 		????? ?? ??????????
(1967?1975) 		????? ??. ?????. ????
41 ???? ??. ?????. ????
(b.1924)
20 ?????, 1989 20 ?????, 1993 ???????? ????? 51
(1988) 		?? ????????? ??? ????
42 ??? ??????
(b.1946)
20 ?????, 1993 20 ?????, 2001 ?????????? ????? 52
(1992)
--
53
(1996) 		????? ?? ?????? (1979–1981 & 1983–1992) ?? ???
43 ????? ????? ????
(b.1946)
20 ?????, 2001 20 ?????, 2009 ???????? ????? 54
(2000)
--
55
(2004) 		????? ?? ????? (1995–2000) ??? ????
44 ???? ?????
(b.1961)
20 ????? 2009 20 ????? 2017 ?????????? ????? 56
(2008)
--
57
(2012) 		?????? (2005–2008) ?? ?????
45 ????? ????
( ?. 1946)
[7] 		20 ????? 2017 20 ????? 2021 ???????? ?????
46 ?? ?????
( ?. 1942)
[6] 		20 ????? 2021 ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????

??? [ ???? ]

????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Rossiter 1962 , p. 86.
  2. ↑ Shugart 2004 , pp. 633?636.
  3. ↑ Epstein 2005 , p. 318.
  4. ↑ Matuz 2001 , p. xxii.
  5. ↑ Schaller & Williams 2003 , p. 192.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 whitehouse.gov (g) .
  7. ↑ whitehouse.gov (f) .

????? ???? [ ???? ]

" https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????_???_??_???????????_??_????&oldid=719812 " ??? ???