???? ????? ?????

???????? ?????
???????? ?????
???	????? 15, 1888 ; ?????????
???	?????? 9, 1963 (??? 75) ; ?????
??????????	?????
?????	?????? ???????, ????????

???????? ????? ( ??????? : ?????????? ????? ( ???????? ) , ??? ????? ???? ( ??????? ) ) (15 ????? 1888 - 9 ?????? 1963) ??? ????? ?????? ??????? , ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? 1952 ???? ?????? ??? ??????? (?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??) ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??. ^[1]

???????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??. ????? ?? ??? 15 ????? 1888 ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ^[2]^[3]^[4]

?????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? 1915 ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? 1919 ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ( ??-??????? ?????? ) ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????

????? [ ???? ]

↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian) (2nd ed. ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1953. vol. 24, p. 366. {{ cite book }}: |edition= has extra text ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored ( |no-pp= suggested) ( help ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
↑ "From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City" . The Tribune . January 26, 2006.
↑ "Op-ed: Let's not forget Jallianwala Bagh" . Daily Times . April 13, 2003.
↑ Mahmud, p. 40

[BSE2E-1] Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian) (2nd ed. ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1953. vol. 24, p. 366. {{ cite book }}: |edition= has extra text ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored ( |no-pp= suggested) ( help ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )

[ti-2] "From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City" . The Tribune . January 26, 2006.

[da-3] "Op-ed: Let's not forget Jallianwala Bagh" . Daily Times . April 13, 2003.

[ma-4] Mahmud, p. 40

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]