?? ??????

?? ??????
?? ??????
	2008 ???? ??????
???	?? 11, 1967 (??? 57) ; ????????
??????????	????????
???? ????	?????? ??????????
?? ???????	????? ???????? ????????, ????????? ????????? (2007 – 2014)
????????	???????? ????????

?? ?????? (??? 11 ??, 1967) ^[2] ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???-??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? 2007 ??? ?? 2014 ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??, ^[3] ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???

??? 2012 ???, ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? 70 ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ^[4] 2013 ???, ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ^[5] ?? 2015 ???, ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ^[6] 2018 ???, ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ^[7] ?????? ?? ?? 2019 ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????

?????? ???? [ ???? ]

?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???, ??????? , ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ^[8]

????? [ ???? ]

???????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? 1990 ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? (?? ?? ??) ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???????, ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ^[9]

???? 2006 ????, ?? ??? ??.??.?? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??, 35 ??? 160 ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ^[10]^[11]^[12]

????????? [ ???? ]

?? 2007 ???, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ^[13] ????? 2007 ???, ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ^[14] ???? ?? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? , ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? 2009 ???, ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? '?? ??? ???? ?? "????? ??? ???? ???? ???" ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ^[15]

?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ^[16]

?????? ??????? ???? ???????-??????? ?? ???
????? ???? ???? ?? ????
???-??????? ?? ???
????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????
??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??
???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??
????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??
??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????

27 ????, 2013 ???, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? , ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ^[17] ?????? ?? 2012 ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? “???” ?? ???? ????, ??? ?? ????? ???? “????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???” ^[18]

2013 ????, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? , ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ^[19]^[20]

1 ??, 2014 ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? 1 ???, 2014 ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ^[21]^[22]

??? ??? ??? ???? [ ???? ]

?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ^[23]^[24] ??? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???-?????? ??? - ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ^[25] ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? 2013 ??? "???, ?????? ????????" ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ^[26] ^[27]

?????? [ ???? ]

????? 2018 ????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? 20 ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???, ?? ???? "??? ???" ??? ???? '?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ^[7] ^[28] ^[29] ??????? ????, ?????? ??? ???????? ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, 2019 ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???

?????? 2019 ????, ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ^[30] ????? ??? ?????-??-???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? “?????????” ?? ???? “????” ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? “??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???” ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ^[31] ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? 2019 ???? ??????? ?? ?????-??-???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ^[32]

?? ?? ???? [ ???? ]

????????? ????? ?? ????

????? [ ???? ]

↑ "US Power Women Born Abroad" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 10 ?????? 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ "Sue Gardner's Blog" . Retrieved February 25, 2012 .
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named tretikov
↑ The World's 100 Most Powerful Women, Sue Gardner . Forbes . Accessed August 23, 2012.
↑ Ivan, Sigal. "Wikimedia's Sue Gardner Joins Global Voices Board" . Global Voices Online . Retrieved 17 October 2014 .
↑ arma. "Sue Gardner and the Tor strategy project" . Tor Project Blogs . Retrieved 11 May 2015 .
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Bowles, Nellie (September 23, 2018). "News Site to Investigate Big Tech, Helped by Craigslist Founder" . The New York Times . Retrieved September 23, 2018 – via San Francisco Chronicle .
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Globe and Mail
↑ From the Lavin Agency's profile Archived 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine ..
↑ Perkins, Tara (July 19, 2006). "CBC clicks online by Tara Perkins" . Friends of Canadian Broadcasting . Toronto Star. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006 . Retrieved February 7, 2016 .
↑ Ouimet. "Does CBC.ca run itself?" . The Tea Makers. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015 . Retrieved February 7, 2016 .
↑ Martin, Cynthia (March 19, 2017). "Sue Gardner: 'Hubris is the engine of Silicon Valley' " . Globe and Mail . Retrieved March 19, 2017 .
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named advisor
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ed
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named huffpost
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gardner110219
↑ Please read: an announcement from Wikimedia Foundation ED Sue Gardner ≪ Wikimedia blog
↑ Chozick, Amy (March 28, 2013). "Leader of Foundation Behind Wikipedia to Step Down" . The New York Times . Retrieved May 30, 2013 .
↑ "Ken Dryden, Deepa Mehta among honorary doctorate recipients at convocation" . Ryerson Today . Ryerson University. Archived from the original on ????? 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 1, 2013 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ "Honorary Doctorates - Convocation - Ryerson University" . Archived from the original on February 2, 2008 . Retrieved December 3, 2014 .
↑ "Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 May 2014 .
↑ Cohen, Noam. "Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia" . New York Times . Retrieved 5 May 2014 .
↑ Sue Gardner and the Tor strategy project - The Tor Project, 6 May 2015
↑ Why I'm working with Tor and First Look - Sue Gardner's Blog, 20 May 2015
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named torproject-corepeople
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aboutfirstlook
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rosen1
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NiemanLab
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nytimes_Bolles_2018
↑ "The Markup ousts editor in chief Julia Angwin, prompting resignations" . Columbia Journalism Review (in ????????) . Retrieved 2019-04-25 .
↑ "Julia Angwin Is Out as Editor of New Tech Watchdog Site The Markup" . The Markup . Retrieved 2019-02-01 .
↑ Tracy, Marc (6 August 2019). "The Markup, a Tech News Site, Reinstalls Its Fired Editor as Part of a Fresh Start" . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 August 2019 .

????? ???? [ ???? ]

?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??
?? ???? ?? ????? ??, ?????? ????? ???????? ???, ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????????
????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????

[forbes-1] "US Power Women Born Abroad" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 10 ?????? 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[2] "Sue Gardner's Blog" . Retrieved February 25, 2012 .

[tretikov-3] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named tretikov

[4] The World's 100 Most Powerful Women, Sue Gardner . Forbes . Accessed August 23, 2012.

[5] Ivan, Sigal. "Wikimedia's Sue Gardner Joins Global Voices Board" . Global Voices Online . Retrieved 17 October 2014 .

[6] rma. "Sue Gardner and the Tor strategy project" . Tor Project Blogs . Retrieved 11 May 2015 .

[Markup-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Bowles, Nellie (September 23, 2018). "News Site to Investigate Big Tech, Helped by Craigslist Founder" . The New York Times . Retrieved September 23, 2018 – via San Francisco Chronicle .

[Globe_and_Mail-8] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Globe and Mail

[lavin-9] From the Lavin Agency's profile Archived 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine ..

[10] Perkins, Tara (July 19, 2006). "CBC clicks online by Tara Perkins" . Friends of Canadian Broadcasting . Toronto Star. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006 . Retrieved February 7, 2016 .

[11] Ouimet. "Does CBC.ca run itself?" . The Tea Makers. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015 . Retrieved February 7, 2016 .

[GnM-12] Martin, Cynthia (March 19, 2017). "Sue Gardner: 'Hubris is the engine of Silicon Valley' " . Globe and Mail . Retrieved March 19, 2017 .

[advisor-13] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named advisor

[ed-14] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ed

[huffpost-15] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named huffpost

[Gardner110219-16] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gardner110219

[17] Please read: an announcement from Wikimedia Foundation ED Sue Gardner ≪ Wikimedia blog

[18] Chozick, Amy (March 28, 2013). "Leader of Foundation Behind Wikipedia to Step Down" . The New York Times . Retrieved May 30, 2013 .

[19] "Ken Dryden, Deepa Mehta among honorary doctorate recipients at convocation" . Ryerson Today . Ryerson University. Archived from the original on ????? 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 1, 2013 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[20] "Honorary Doctorates - Convocation - Ryerson University" . Archived from the original on February 2, 2008 . Retrieved December 3, 2014 .

[21] "Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 May 2014 .

[22] Cohen, Noam. "Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia" . New York Times . Retrieved 5 May 2014 .

[23] Sue Gardner and the Tor strategy project - The Tor Project, 6 May 2015

[24] Why I'm working with Tor and First Look - Sue Gardner's Blog, 20 May 2015

[torproject-corepeople-25] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named torproject-corepeople

[aboutfirstlook-26] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aboutfirstlook

[rosen1-27] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rosen1

[NiemanLab-28] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NiemanLab

[nytimes_Bolles_2018-29] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nytimes_Bolles_2018

[30] "The Markup ousts editor in chief Julia Angwin, prompting resignations" . Columbia Journalism Review (in ????????) . Retrieved 2019-04-25 .

[31] "Julia Angwin Is Out as Editor of New Tech Watchdog Site The Markup" . The Markup . Retrieved 2019-02-01 .

[32] Tracy, Marc (6 August 2019). "The Markup, a Tech News Site, Reinstalls Its Fired Editor as Part of a Fresh Start" . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 August 2019 .

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