???????? ?? ??????

???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? 14 ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? 14 ??? ??? ?? ???? ???, ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ? ???? 1819 ???, ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? '?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ??? 1819 ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????

???? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ???????? ??? 1942 ??? 1945 ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???, ??? ??? ???-????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? 1963 ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? 9 ???? 1965 ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????

????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? 1960 ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? '?? ???? ?????? ???' ?? dhian???? ??????? ???? ??? ???

1990 ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ^[1]

??????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??????-???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? (90 ? 168) ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? (???? ???????? ????? ????? ??) ?? ??? '?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ^[2] ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ( 蒲羅中 ) ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? "???? ?????", ??? (??? ???????? ??) "????? ????" ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ^[3]

????? [ ???? ]

↑ "World Economic Outlook Database" . International Monetary Fund . September 2006. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009.
↑ Hack, Karl. "Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore" . National Institute of Education, Singapore. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 .
↑ "Singapore: History, Singapore 1994" . Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2006 .

[1] "World Economic Outlook Database" . International Monetary Fund . September 2006. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009.

[2] Hack, Karl. "Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore" . National Institute of Education, Singapore. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 .

[utexas-3] "Singapore: History, Singapore 1994" . Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2006 .

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