????

??? ????
?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???
( ?????? ??? ????? ???)
???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????

?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ??????? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? '?? ???? ????? ??? [1]

????? ???? ??????? ???? " ??????? ???? " ?? ????? ??; ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??.? °C (??.? °F '??) ?????? ??? [2]

?????? [ ???? ]

???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??-??? ???? ???? ????????? (????) ??? ?????? (???) ??????

???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????-?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ????? 2750 ? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? [3]

[4] [5] [6]

???????? ?? ???? [ ???? ]

??? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????? ???? [ ???? ]

??-??? ???? [ ???? ]

????-???? ????

??? [ ???? ]

?????? ???????? [ ???? ]

????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???? ???????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???? ??? ?????? [ ???? ]

??? ???????? ????? , ?? ??? '?? ??????, "??????" ????? ??????? ???

????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ "Sea - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2012-03-13 .
  2. ↑ "Sea ice (ice formation)" . Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 2012 [last update] . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |year= ( help )
  3. ↑ "The Ancient World - Egypt" . marinersmuseum.org . Mariners' Museum. 2012 [last update]. Archived from the original on 23 ????? 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |year= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
  4. ↑ "Зацепились за Моржовец" (in Russian). Русское географическое общество. 2012 [last update]. Archived from the original on 21 ????? 2012 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |year= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
  5. ↑ Урванцев, Н. Н. (1969). "История открытия и освоения медно-никелевых руд Сибирского Севера" (in Russian). Moscow: Недра. Archived from the original on 11 ???? 2013 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
  6. ↑ Howgego, Ray (2001 [last update]). "Discoverers Web: Dezhnev" . win.tue.nl . Archived from the original on 24 ?????? 2008 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |year= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 ?? ??? ??-??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??

????? ????? [ ???? ]

???? ??? ???????? , ??? ????? ????????, ?? ???? ?????
????????? ?????? ???? Seas ??? ????? ????? ???
" https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????&oldid=739424 " ??? ???