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???? ??????? (??????? ????) (/L ?ːr n ? d /; ???? ??????, ?????? ???????, ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??) ??? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ????????, ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ^[1]????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ^[2]

??????? ???? ????????? ???-??????? ???????? ??????? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??, ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???

?????? [ ???? ]

??? ???????? ??????- ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ^[3] (????? 1323), ???????? ???????? ????????? (????? 1488), ???????? ???? ??????? (????? 1585), ???????? ??? ????? (????? 1603), ?????? ????????? (????? 1635), ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (?????? 1652), ???? ??????? ?? ???? (????? 1660) ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? (?????? 1666)?

????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ^[
????
] ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??.

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????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??, ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????

???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? (?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ), ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? '?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???, ?? ????? ????? ??, ??? ??????????? ??????? ??, ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? (???????). ) ??? ????? ????? ?????????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??, ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? '?? ???? ????? ???

????? [ ???? ]

↑ "The Environmental Studies Association of Canada - What is a Learned Society?" . Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 .
↑ "Learned societies & academies" . Archived from the original on 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 .
↑ Express, 1&1 TopSite. "Accueil/Actualite - Academie des Jeux floraux" . jeuxfloraux.fr . Archived from the original on 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )

[1] "The Environmental Studies Association of Canada - What is a Learned Society?" . Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 .

[auto-2] "Learned societies & academies" . Archived from the original on 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 .

[3] Express, 1&1 TopSite. "Accueil/Actualite - Academie des Jeux floraux" . jeuxfloraux.fr . Archived from the original on 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )

[1]

[2]

[3]