???

??? (??? ????, ????) ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] ??? ???? ????-???? ??????, ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???

???? ????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? (?????) ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??: ?????? m?ter (????), ?????? μ?τηρ, ????? ????? mati (?? ?? ?? ???? мать (???’?)) ??? ?????? ???? (????)?

????? ??? [ ???? ]

???? ?????? ???, ????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???, ???-???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? (????????) ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????-????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???-?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???-???? ???? ????? ??? ^[5]^[6]^[7]

?????? ??? [ ???? ]

??????? ????? ???? "????????? ? ?? ?????" ??? *??? ?? ?????* ? ???????? ?? ?????? ??: "?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??"

??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??, ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????-????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? '?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????-???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ^[8] ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????, ?? 20??? ??? '? ????? ???, ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???-???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????

???? ??? [ ???? ]

???? (??????) ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??, ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????-???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????-????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???-???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? (?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??) ??? ??????? ??? (?? ??? ???? ???? ??) ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???

???? ??? ??????? ????? [ ???? ]

2006 ???? "??? ? ??????" (??? ????) ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??-????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ^[9] ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? '??? ??, ?? ???-???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? 750 ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???-??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? 28 ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???-?? ?? ????? ???? , ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? , ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ^[10]^[11] ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???-??—????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????—?? ??????? 1500 ????? ????? 100,000 ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???-?? ?????? 10 ????? ????? 100,000 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ^[12] ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??, ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ^[13]

??? ??? ???-???? [ ???? ]

?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??: ?????? ^[14], ??????? ^[15] ??? ????? ^[16]? ???-???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??: ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? (?????), ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????-???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? 1499 ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? "??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??" ??? ????? "??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????-??????? ??? ????? ??"? ^[17]^[18]^[19]

?????? ??????? ???? [ ???? ]

??? ????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ?????,
??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?????,
??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????,
?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????,
??????? ??? ?? ??? (????) ???????,
??? ????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ?????,
??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ????? |

???????? ???? ??? ????? [ ???? ]

????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? "??" ??? "????" ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???

?????? ???? ???, ????, ????, ??? ??? ????
????????? ????:
- ?????? ??? ?????? , ?????? , ????? ??????? , ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? Mom (???) ??? mommy (????)?
- ??????? , ?????? , ???????? , ????????? , ?????????? , ???? , ???????? , ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? mum (???) ??? mummy (????)?
- ???????? , ??????? , ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? , ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ma (??), mam (???), and mammy (????)?
???? ???? ???, ??, ???? ??? ?????
????? ???? mama (????), mama (????), ma (??) ??? mami (????)?
??????? , ???? , ???? ??? ?????? ???? mama (????)?
???? ???? ??/?? (????)?
???? ??? ??????? ???? mama (????)?
????????? ??? ?????? ???? maman (?????)?
??????????? ???? ma (??), mama (???)?
?????? , ???????? , ?????? ??? ?????? ???? mamma (???)?
???????? ???? mamae (?????) ??? mae (???)?
??????? ???? mama (????)?
????? ???? ?? (??)?
?????? ???? ??? (???)?
???????? ???? ma (??) ??? m? (??)?
?????? ???? mam (???)?
?????? ???? 엄마 (????)?

????? [ ???? ]

↑ "definition of mother from Oxford Dictionaries Online" . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15 . Retrieved 2012-10-06 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ "mother n. & v." The Oxford American Dictionary of Current English . Oxford University Press. ^{[
permanent dead link
]}
↑ "Define Mother at Dictionary.com" . Dictionary.com.
↑ "Definition from" . Allwords.com. 2007-04-04 . Retrieved 2011-10-27 .
↑ "Dhushara.com" . Dhushara.com . Retrieved 2011-10-27 .
↑ "Growth and Development" . Archived from the original on 2004-08-09 . Retrieved 2004-08-09 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ "Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction" . Archived from the original on 2006-03-03 . Retrieved 2006-03-03 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ Barbara Melosh, the American Way of Adoption Archived 2018-09-01 at the Wayback Machine . page 10
↑ Save the Children, State of the World's Mothers Report 2006 Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine ..
↑ http://www.newser.com/story/86023/safest-place-to-give-birth-italy.html
↑ Rogers, Simon (2010-04-13). "Maternal mortality: how many women die in childbirth in your country?" . The Guardian .
↑ ??. ????? ????? ?????. "????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????" . ?????? ???????? . {{ cite news }}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= ( help )
↑ ??. ????? ????? ??. ??. "????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???" . ?????? ???????? . {{ cite news }}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= ( help )
↑ "What The Bible Says About Mother" . Mothers Day World . Retrieved 2008-11-24 .
↑ Katz, Lisa. "Religious Obligations of Jewish women" . About.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-26 . Retrieved 2008-11-24 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ 'Ali Al-Hashimi, Muhammad. The Ideal Muslimah: The True Islamic Personality of the Muslim Woman as Defined in the Qur'an and Sunnah . Wisdom Enrichment Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on 2002-03-02 . Retrieved 2008-11-24 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ Aad Guru Granth Sahib . Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar. 1983.
↑ Singh, G.B. (2004). Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity . Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-998-0 .
↑ http://www.sikhs.org/women.htm

[1] "definition of mother from Oxford Dictionaries Online" . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15 . Retrieved 2012-10-06 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[2] "mother n. & v." The Oxford American Dictionary of Current English . Oxford University Press. ^{[
permanent dead link
]}

[3] "Define Mother at Dictionary.com" . Dictionary.com.

[4] "Definition from" . Allwords.com. 2007-04-04 . Retrieved 2011-10-27 .

[5] "Dhushara.com" . Dhushara.com . Retrieved 2011-10-27 .

[6] "Growth and Development" . Archived from the original on 2004-08-09 . Retrieved 2004-08-09 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[7] "Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction" . Archived from the original on 2006-03-03 . Retrieved 2006-03-03 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[8] Barbara Melosh, the American Way of Adoption Archived 2018-09-01 at the Wayback Machine . page 10

[9] Save the Children, State of the World's Mothers Report 2006 Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine ..

[10] ttp://www.newser.com/story/86023/safest-place-to-give-birth-italy.html

[11] Rogers, Simon (2010-04-13). "Maternal mortality: how many women die in childbirth in your country?" . The Guardian .

[12] ??. ????? ????? ?????. "????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????" . ?????? ???????? . {{ cite news }}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= ( help )

[13] ??. ????? ????? ??. ??. "????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???" . ?????? ???????? . {{ cite news }}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= ( help )

[14] "What The Bible Says About Mother" . Mothers Day World . Retrieved 2008-11-24 .

[15] Katz, Lisa. "Religious Obligations of Jewish women" . About.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-26 . Retrieved 2008-11-24 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[16] 'Ali Al-Hashimi, Muhammad. The Ideal Muslimah: The True Islamic Personality of the Muslim Woman as Defined in the Qur'an and Sunnah . Wisdom Enrichment Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on 2002-03-02 . Retrieved 2008-11-24 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[AGGS-17] Aad Guru Granth Sahib . Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar. 1983.

[GBSingh-18] Singh, G.B. (2004). Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity . Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-998-0 .

[19] ttp://www.sikhs.org/women.htm

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