????? ???

????? ???
????? ???
???? ???
???	1978 (??? 45–46)

????? ??? ( ????? / ???? ???? ???) (??? 1978) ??? ???????-?????? ??????? ??????, ??????????, ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???

????? [ ???? ]

????? ??? ?? ??? 1978 ???? ???????, ??????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ^[1] ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??? ^[2] ?? ?? ???, ???? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ^[3] ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? 2002 ??? 24 ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ^[4] ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ^[5]^[6] ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ^[7]

??? [ ???? ]

2004 ???, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? "?????? ??? ? ?????????" ?????? ???? ??? ????-????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ^[8] ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? 9/11 ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, '????? ???? ????? ????? ??? " ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? , ??? ??? ???? ???????? ^[9] ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??, ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???????????? ????? (2003) ??????? (2004) ?. ??. ?. ??. ???? (2005) ??? ????? ???? (2007) ?????? ????? ????????? (2008) ?????? (2009) ??? ??????? (2009) ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???

?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? 2013 ???????? ??? ??? ????????, ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ??? 2014 ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????, ????? ?? 2014 ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ? ???????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ^[10] ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ^[11]

?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??, ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? '?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??, ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ^[12] ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? 1978 ??? 1991 ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? "????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ??". ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ^[13] ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???

??? ?? ????-????? ???? ????? '??? ?? ???? ?????????' 1978 ??? 1991 ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 2021 ?? ??? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ???? ????? '??? ?? ???? ?????????' ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ^[14]

????? [ ???? ]

↑ Liz, Robbins (20 February 2015). "Mariam Ghani, a Brooklyn Artist Whose Father Leads Afghanistan" . The New York Times . New York, New York . Retrieved 1 August 2015 .
↑ Pilgrim, Sophie (15 March 2015). "What links Kabul with Alaska, Norway's oil capital and St. Louis, Missouri?" . Paris, France: France 24 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 .
↑ Goudsouzian, Tanya (1 October 2014). "Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen?" . Doha, Qatar: Al Jazeera . Retrieved 1 August 2015 .
↑ "Mariam Ghani" . Documenta HR Online (in ????). Frankfurt, Germany: Hessian Broadcasting. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 .
↑ "Mariam Ghani | eyebeam.org" . eyebeam.org . Retrieved 2016-01-28 .
↑ "Mariam Ghani | P.S.1 Studio Visit" . momaps1.org . Retrieved 2016-02-01 .
↑ "Mariam Ghani" .
↑ Ganesh, Chitra; Ghani, Mariam (2011-09-01). "Introduction to an Index" . Radical History Review (in ????????). 2011 (111): 110?129. doi : 10.1215/01636545-1268740 . ISSN 0163-6545 .
↑ Saed, Zohra; Muradi, Sahar, eds. (2010). One Story, Thirty Stories: An Anthology of Contemporary Afghan American Literature . University of Arkansas Press. pp. 10?12. ISBN 9781610752909 .
↑ Miranda, Carolina A. (16 August 2014). "How L.A.'s Islamic art shows might expand our 'Middle East' vision" . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458-3035 . Retrieved 2015-08-01 .
↑ Heuer, Megan (September 2013). "Digital Effects" . Art in America . 101 (8): 96?105 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 .
↑ Uncommon Grounds: New Media and Critical Practices in North Africa and the Middle East . London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 2014. pp. 346?347. ISBN 9781784530358 .
↑ Mohammad, Niala (31 October 2014). "The First Daughter of Afghanistan-Mariam Ghani" . Across the Durand . Voice of America . Retrieved 31 July 2015 .
↑ "Mariam Ghani on Afghanistan's unfinished histories" . www.artforum.com (in ???????? (??????)) . Retrieved 2021-09-28 .

[childhood-1] Liz, Robbins (20 February 2015). "Mariam Ghani, a Brooklyn Artist Whose Father Leads Afghanistan" . The New York Times . New York, New York . Retrieved 1 August 2015 .

[Biography-2] Pilgrim, Sophie (15 March 2015). "What links Kabul with Alaska, Norway's oil capital and St. Louis, Missouri?" . Paris, France: France 24 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 .

[mother-3] Goudsouzian, Tanya (1 October 2014). "Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen?" . Doha, Qatar: Al Jazeera . Retrieved 1 August 2015 .

[exhibits-4] "Mariam Ghani" . Documenta HR Online (in ????). Frankfurt, Germany: Hessian Broadcasting. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 .

[5] "Mariam Ghani | eyebeam.org" . eyebeam.org . Retrieved 2016-01-28 .

[6] "Mariam Ghani | P.S.1 Studio Visit" . momaps1.org . Retrieved 2016-02-01 .

[7] "Mariam Ghani" .

[8] Ganesh, Chitra; Ghani, Mariam (2011-09-01). "Introduction to an Index" . Radical History Review (in ????????). 2011 (111): 110?129. doi : 10.1215/01636545-1268740 . ISSN 0163-6545 .

[9] Saed, Zohra; Muradi, Sahar, eds. (2010). One Story, Thirty Stories: An Anthology of Contemporary Afghan American Literature . University of Arkansas Press. pp. 10?12. ISBN 9781610752909 .

[10] Miranda, Carolina A. (16 August 2014). "How L.A.'s Islamic art shows might expand our 'Middle East' vision" . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458-3035 . Retrieved 2015-08-01 .

[11] Heuer, Megan (September 2013). "Digital Effects" . Art in America . 101 (8): 96?105 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 .

[12] Uncommon Grounds: New Media and Critical Practices in North Africa and the Middle East . London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 2014. pp. 346?347. ISBN 9781784530358 .

[13] Mohammad, Niala (31 October 2014). "The First Daughter of Afghanistan-Mariam Ghani" . Across the Durand . Voice of America . Retrieved 31 July 2015 .

[14] "Mariam Ghani on Afghanistan's unfinished histories" . www.artforum.com (in ???????? (??????)) . Retrieved 2021-09-28 .

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