???? ???????

??? ???????
??? ???????
	??? ???????? ???????

??? ???????? ??????? (????????: Jack Roosevelt Robinson ; 31 ?????, 1919 - 24 ??????, 1972), ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? (??.??.??) ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ^[1] ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? 15 ??????, 1947 ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? '?? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??, ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???-??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ?? 1880 ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? 1962 ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ^[2]

??????? ??? 10 ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? 1947 ???? ??? ?? ????? ??.??.?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??, 1949 ??? ?? ?? 1954 ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??? 1949 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????- ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ^[3]

??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 1955 ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????

1997 ????, ?? ?? ?? ?? "??? ?????" ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????, 42 ??? ?????? ????; ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? 15 ?????? 2004 ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????, " ???? ??????? ???? " ??? ????? ????, ??? ??? '?? ???? ??? ?? ??????' ?? ???? 42 ???? ?????? ???

??????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ^[4]^[5] ??.??.?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ??, ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? 1960 ?? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??????-??????-?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ??????? ???? ???? ??? 1972 ???? ???? ??? ??? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???

???? ?? ???? [ ???? ]

??????? ??? ????? ???? [ ???? ]

??????? ?? ??? 31 ????? 1919 ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??, ?? ?? ???? (????????) ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?? ?? ??? ????, ??????, ????? (????? "???") ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ^[6]

?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 25 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ^[7]^[8]

1920 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ???????, ?????????? ??? ??? ^[9]^[10]

????? ??? ????? [ ???? ]

1947 ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 1999 ????, 20 ??? ??? ?? 100 ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1999 ????, ?? ?????? ?? 100 ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? 44 ??? ???? '?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??-??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???, ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 32 ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? '?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? 1984 ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? 25 ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 2002 ???, ??????? ??? ????? ?? 100 ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? 1982, 1999 ??? 2000 ???, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???

????? [ ???? ]

↑ Lamb , p. 6.
↑ National Baseball Hall of Fame, Jackie Robinson [1] Retrieved April 16, 2015
↑ Nemec & Flatow , p. 201.
↑ Glasser, Ira (2003). "Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson: precursors of the civil rights movement" . World & I . 18 (3): 257?273 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 .
↑ Hill, Justice B. (April 15, 2008). "One meeting, two men, a changed world" . MLB.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008 . Retrieved January 5, 2018 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ Rampersad, Arnold. "In Pharaoh's Land: Cairo, Georgia 1919?1920" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1, 2015 .
↑ Eig , p. 7.
↑ "White House dream team: Jackie Roosevelt Robinson" . Whitehousekids.gov. January 20, 2002 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 .
↑ Rampersad , pp. 15?18
↑ "Biography" . Official Site of Jackie Robinson. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009 . Retrieved April 9, 2009 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[1] Lamb , p. 6.

[2] National Baseball Hall of Fame, Jackie Robinson [1] Retrieved April 16, 2015

[3] Nemec & Flatow , p. 201.

[4] Glasser, Ira (2003). "Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson: precursors of the civil rights movement" . World & I . 18 (3): 257?273 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 .

[OneMeeting-5] Hill, Justice B. (April 15, 2008). "One meeting, two men, a changed world" . MLB.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008 . Retrieved January 5, 2018 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[6] Rampersad, Arnold. "In Pharaoh's Land: Cairo, Georgia 1919?1920" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1, 2015 .

[7] Eig , p. 7.

[8] "White House dream team: Jackie Roosevelt Robinson" . Whitehousekids.gov. January 20, 2002 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 .

[9] Rampersad , pp. 15?18

[10] "Biography" . Official Site of Jackie Robinson. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009 . Retrieved April 9, 2009 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

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