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Great Qing
大?
1644?1912
Flag of Qing dynasty
Flag (1889-1912)
????:   《鞏金?》
" Gong Jin'ou "
("Cup of Solid Gold")
The Qing Empire in late 18th century
The Qing Empire in late 18th century
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?? ???????? ??????? , ????? , ???????? , ?????? , ????? ( ????? ),
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Heaven worship , Buddhism , Chinese folk religion , Confucianism , Taoism , Islam , Shamanism , others
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Emperor  
? 1644?1661
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? 1908?1912
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? 1908?1912
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? 1911
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? 1911?1912
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Historical era Imperial era
25 April 1644
27 May 1644
1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895
10 October 1911
12 February 1912
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1760 est. 13,150,000 km 2 (5,080,000 sq mi)
1790 est. (incl. vassals) [1] 14,700,000 km 2 (5,700,000 sq mi)
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? 1740
140,000,000
? 1776
268,238,000
? 1790
301,000,000
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Ming dynasty
Republic of China (1912?49)
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???? ??????? ???? : 大?帝國, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? 1644 ??? 1912 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? [2]

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???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? 16 ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? 1635 ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? 1644 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???-??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? "???? ???????" ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ' ??????? ????? ' ?? ????? ???? ??? ??, ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????, ?? ??????, ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? 1683 ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???

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???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 18 ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????

???? ??? ???? 1820 ???? ???????

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???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? 1894 - 1895 ?? ????? ???-????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????. 191 1- 1912 ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? [3] [4]

1833 ???? ???? ???????

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  1. Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF) . Journal of world-systems research . 12 (2): 219?229. ISSN   1076-156X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 ?????? 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
  2. China's last empire: the great Qing , William T. Rowe, Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-674-03612-3
  3. The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9 , Willard J. Peterson, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6
  4. The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi, Last Emperor of China , Henry Pu Yi, Paul Kramer, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2010, ISBN 978-1-60239-732-3