???? ???????

Great Qing
大?
Great Qing 大? ;
1644?1912
	Flag (1889-1912)
	????: 《鞏金?》 ; " Gong Jin'ou " ; ("Cup of Solid Gold") ;
	The Qing Empire in late 18th century
???????	??????
?? ????????	??????? , ????? , ???????? , ?????? , ????? ( ????? ),
???	Heaven worship , Buddhism , Chinese folk religion , Confucianism , Taoism , Islam , Shamanism , others
?????	?????? ???????
Emperor
? 1644?1661	??????? ?????
? 1908?1912	????????? ?????
????? ????????
? 1908?1912	?????? ??????
?????? ?????
? 1911	???????
? 1911?1912	???? ??????
Historical era	Imperial era
? Collapse of the Ming	25 April 1644
? Battle of Shanhai Pass	27 May 1644
? Sino-Japanese War	1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895
? Xinhai Revolution	10 October 1911
? Abdication of Puyi	12 February 1912
????
1760 est.	13,150,000 km 2 (5,080,000 sq mi)
1790 est. (incl. vassals)	14,700,000 km 2 (5,700,000 sq mi)
?????
? 1740	140,000,000
? 1776	268,238,000
? 1790	301,000,000
?????	(???? (???) ???l (?????)
??? ??????	??? ????
	Ming dynasty
Republic of China (1912?49)
??? ????? ??	???????????? ; ????:Country data ????? ; ??? ; ???? ; ????:KAZ ; ????:KGZ ; ????:MGL ; ????:MYA ; ???????? ; ????:PRK ; ??? ; ????:Country data ????????? ; ????:TWN ;

???? ??????? ???? : 大?帝國, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? 1644 ??? 1912 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ^[2]

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???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? 16 ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? 1635 ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? 1644 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???-??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? "???? ???????" ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ' ??????? ????? ' ?? ????? ???? ??? ??, ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????, ?? ??????, ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? 1683 ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???

?????? [ ???? ]

???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 18 ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????

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???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? 1894 - 1895 ?? ????? ???-????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????. 191 1- 1912 ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ^[3]^[4]

????? ???? [ ???? ]

Section on the Ming and Qing dynasties of " China's Population: Readings and Maps ." Retrieved on 2008-11-10.

????? [ ???? ]

An Italian map showing the "Kingdom of the Nuzhen " or the " Jin Tartars", who "have occupied and are at present ruling China", north of Liaodong and Korea , published in 1682
Dorgon (1612?1650)
Pine, Plum and Cranes , 1759 AD, by Shen Quan (1682?1760). Hanging scroll, ink and colour on silk. The Palace Museum , Beijing .
A Chinese paddle-wheel driven ship from a Qing encyclopedia published in 1726.
The Kangxi Emperor (r. 1662?1722)
The Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde , built in the 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor .
"The reception of the Diplomatique ( Macartney ) and his suite, at the Court of Pekin". Drawn and engraved by James Gillray , published in September 1792.
British Steamship destroying Chinese war junks (E. Duncan) (1843)
In this political cartoon, the United Kingdom , Germany , Russia , France , and Japan are dividing China
A scene of the Taiping Rebellion, 1850?1864
Yuan Shikai
2000- cash banknote from 1859

????? [ ???? ]

↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF) . Journal of world-systems research . 12 (2): 219?229. ISSN 1076-156X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 ?????? 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ China's last empire: the great Qing , William T. Rowe, Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-674-03612-3
↑ The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9 , Willard J. Peterson, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6
↑ The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi, Last Emperor of China , Henry Pu Yi, Paul Kramer, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2010, ISBN 978-1-60239-732-3

?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???

[1] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF) . Journal of world-systems research . 12 (2): 219?229. ISSN 1076-156X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 ?????? 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[ref34cazeq-2] China's last empire: the great Qing , William T. Rowe, Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-674-03612-3

[ref29hadov-3] The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9 , Willard J. Peterson, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6

[ref26cudim-4] The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi, Last Emperor of China , Henry Pu Yi, Paul Kramer, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2010, ISBN 978-1-60239-732-3

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