????? ???? ?????? ( ????????? : Charles Hard Townes; 28 ?????, 1915-27 ?????, 2015) ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ^{[1] [2]} ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????, ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]} ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1964 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ^{[12] [13]} ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??, ???? ?????? (1945) ??? ??? ?????? (1999) ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???

???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????1967 ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????, ???? ?? ????-??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?

???? ?????? ?? ^[14] ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???

?????? ???? [ ???? ]

???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ???????, ?????, ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ^[15] ??? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????????, ????? ????????, ????? ??? ?????? (1876?1958) ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ??? ???? ???? ?????? (????; 1881?1980)? ^[16] ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ???? 1935 ???? ?????????? ????? ^[1] ?????? ?? 1937, ^[17] ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????, ?????? ???? ????.??. 1939 ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? , ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ^[12]

????? ??????? ??? ?????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?? 1941 ????? ????? ^[18] ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ????????, ???? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ^[1]

?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? "?????? ??? ??? [?????] ????? ??, ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????-????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??"? ^[19] ???? 2005 ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????: “?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??, ???? ???? ??????? ??. ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??, ?? ?????? ??? '?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????" ^[20]

?????? ?? 99 ??? ?? ??? ???? 27 ?????, 2015 ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ^{[12] [21]} ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??es??? ???? ????, “?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? "???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??, ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ???." ^[20]

????? [ ???? ]

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2} "Charles H. Townes ? Biographical" . Nobelprize.org. 2006 . Retrieved 2014-07-29 .
2. ↑ "Remembering Charles Townes" . Furman University. 2015-01-27. Archived from the original on 2015-01-28 . Retrieved 2015-01-27 . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
3. ↑ Bertolotti, Mario (2004). The History of the Laser . Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-0-7503-0911-0 .
4. ↑ Bromberg, Joan (1991). The Laser in America, 1950?1970 . MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-585-36732-3 .
5. ↑ Chiao, Raymond, ed. (1996). Amazing Light: A Volume Dedicated To Charles Hard Townes On His 80th Birthday . Springer. ISBN   978-0-387-94658-0 .
6. ↑ Chiao, Raymond, ed. (2005). Visions of Discovery: New Light on Physics, Cosmology, and Consciousness, A Volume Dedicated to Charles Hard Townes on his 90th Birthday . Cambridge. ISBN   978-0-521-88239-2 .
7. ↑ Haynie, Rachel (2014). First, You Explore: The Story of Young Charles Townes (Young Palmetto Books) . University of South Carolina Press. ISBN   978-1-61117-343-7 .
8. ↑ Hecht, Jeff (2005). Beam: The Race to Make the Laser . Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-514210-5 .
9. ↑ Hecht, Jeff (1991). Laser Pioneers . Academic Press. ISBN   978-0-12-336030-4 .
10. ↑ Taylor, Nick (2000). Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War . Simon & Schuster. ISBN   978-0-684-83515-0 .
11. ↑ Townes, Frances (2007). Misadventures of a Scientist's Wife . Regent Press. ISBN   978-1-58790-128-7 .
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.2} Boyd, Robert (2015). "Dr. Charles H. Townes (1915-2015) Laser co-inventor, astrophysicist and US presidential adviser". Nature . 519 (7543): 292. Bibcode : 2015Natur.519..292B . doi : 10.1038/519292a . PMID   25788091 .
13. ↑ "Nobel laureate and laser inventor, Charles Hard Townes, dies at 99" . Berkeley.edu. 2015-01-27 . Retrieved January 27, 2015 .
14. ↑ "A Life in Physics: Bell Telephone Laboratories and World War II; Columbia University and the Laser; MIT and Government Service; California and Research in Astrophysics" .
15. ↑ [1]
16. ↑ "Notable South Carolinians- Dr. Charles Hard Townes | Indigo Blue" . Indigobluesc.com. 1915-07-28. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23 . Retrieved 2013-10-22 .
17. ↑ "Charles Townes" . The Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 .
18. ↑ admin. "Celebrating the 100th Birthday of Frances H. Townes" . Youth Spirit Artworks . Archived from the original on 2016-03-15 . Retrieved 2016-03-14 .
19. ↑ Harvard Gazette June 16, 2005 Laser's inventor predicts meeting of science, religion Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine .
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.1} Henry, David. "Pioneer of James Bond's Laser, Dies at 99" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2015-07-22 .
21. ↑ "Charles H. Townes Dies at 99; He Envisioned the Laser, Bringing It Into Daily Life" . The New York Times . 2015-01-29 . Retrieved 2015-01-29 .