한국   대만   중국   일본 
?????? - ?????????, ?? ????? ????????????? ?????? '?? ???

??????

?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???
?????????? ???? , ????? 1888

?????? ( ???? : / ? k ? z m ? s / , ???? : / ? k ? z m o? s / ) ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? '?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??; ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? [1] ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ( ?????? ?????? : κ?σμο? ) ????? ??, ?? ?? ???? 19??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???-???? ???, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????-?????? ????, ???, ??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? '?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? [2] [3]

???????? ?????? (?????????) [ ???? ]

??? ?????? (???????) [ ???? ]

?? ?? ???? [ ???? ]

????? [ ???? ]

  1. Definition in Merriam-Webster dictionary
  2. von Humboldt, Alexander (1860). Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe . Vol. 1. E. O. Otte (trans.). New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 69.
  3. Walls, L. D. (2009). "Introducing Humboldt's Cosmos" . Minding Nature . August: 3?15.

????? ???? [ ???? ]