???????????

?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???

??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??.???????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? '?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???' ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??, ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??.????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???

????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? [1] [2] ??????????? ??? ????????-?????? ?????-??? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? 26 ??? 32 ????? ??? ????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???

"???????????" ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??, ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? , ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? (?????) ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??,?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???

??? [ ???? ]

??????????? 1960 ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? [3] ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? 229 ? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ?? 43 ??? ????? ???? [4] ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??, ??? ???? 2003 ???? ????- ??.?? ., 2004 ???? ??.??.?.?? ??.?? .63, 2005 ???? ??.??.?? 1, 2012 ???? ??? -??? ??? 2019 ???? ??.??.?.??. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???

??????????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ?? ??? ????

?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???

??????????? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? 5 ′ ????????? ??? ??? ??? 3 ′ ?????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???

??????????? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??; ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???. ????? <i id="mwZw">?????</i> ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? . ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??????????????????? ??????????? ???-??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??, [5] ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ?? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???

?? ?? ? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ??, ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ???-??????? ??????? ????? ?? - ??? ??????? - ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???,????????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? [6]

????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? [7]

?????? [ ???? ]

???? [ ???? ]

???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???-?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??, ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? [8] ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? 17 ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?? 31 ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 31 ????? ??? ???? ?????? [9] ??, 2024 ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??.??.-1??? ??.??.-20???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???

??? 11 [ ???? ]

?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? 11 ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? [10]

?????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???

??? [ ???? ]

??? '? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? '? 76 ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???

?????? ??? ?????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? '?? ??? ????? ??? 9/11 ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???

????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? 8000 ??.??.??? [11] ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??. ??? ??? ??????? ???? 8100 ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? (???????) ????? ??????????????????, ???????????????, ???????????????, ??? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? 2400 ?????, 3300 ?????, 2800 ????? ??? 3000 ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????, ???-??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??????????? ??? ???? (???????????????? ??? ??????????????? ?? ????? ?? ???, ??? ???????????????? ??? ???????????????? ?? ??????) ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? [12]

1951 ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? [13] ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? 43 1899 ???? ??? ??. ????? ??????????? 18 ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? 43 ??? 1890 ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? [14]

?????? ?????????? ??? 43 ?? ??????? 1950 ??? ????? ??? ??? [15]

???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? [16] ?????? ??????????? ???? 63 ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? 563?822 ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? [17]

?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????? 1986 ???? ??? ??? [18] ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??. [19] [20] ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??,??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????, ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???.

????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? 229E 1960 ??? ?????? ??? ??? [21]

?????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????,??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? [22] ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? [23] 2003 ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????, ????-????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? (?????) ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?

?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??:

  1. ?????? ??????????? 229E (???????-229E)
  2. ?????? ??????????? ??? 43 (???????-??? 43)
  3. ????- ?????
  4. ?????? ??????????? ???? 63 (??????? -???? 63, ???? ???? ???????????)
  5. ?????? ??????????? ?????? 1
  6. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ( ???????-????? ), ?????? ???? ??????????? 2012 ??? ???????-????? ???? ????? ????? ??.
  7. ???? ??????????? (2019-nCoV), [24] ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? [25] (?? ????? ???? '????' ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???) [26]

??????????? ??????? -229 ?, -???? 63, -??? 43, ??? -?????? 1 ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????-????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? [27]

????? ???? ??? ??????? (????) [ ???? ]

2003 ???, ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? (????????) ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? '?? ???? ??????????? (????-???) ????? ??? ??. 8,000 ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???, ??????? ????? 10% ?? ??? ?? ??? [28]

???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

????? 2012 ???, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? 2012 ???? ????? ??, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? (???????-?????) ????? ??? ??? [29] [30] ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? [31] 28 ????? 2012 ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? [32] ???????, 12 ?? 2013 ???, ????? ???? ??????-?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? [33] ?? ?? ???, ??????-???-?????? ??????? ?? ????? '? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? [34] 30 ?????? 2013 ?? ????? ??? ???? 124 ????? ??? 52 ????? ????? ??? [35]

??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? (???????-?????) ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? (???????-?????) ?????? 2014 ????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??.?.??.??.-??.??. ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??, ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??, ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? '?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? [36]

?? 2015 ????, ????? ?? ???????? ????, ???????-???? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? 4 ???-??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???-???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? [37] ????? 2019 ???, ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????-???? ?????? ?? 2,468 ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??, ??????? ????? 851 ???? ??, ??? ?? ???? 34.5%? [38]

???? ??????????? (2019-nCoV) [ ???? ]

Cross-sectional model of a coronavirus
??????????? ?? ????-?????? ????

????? 2019 ???, ????? , ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? [39] 31 ????? 2019 ???, ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???, [40] ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? (????????) ????? ??? 2019-??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? [24] [26] [41] ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? 2019 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? [42]

30 ????? 2020 (16:00 ??????) ?? ??????, ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? 214 ?? ??? 8,230 ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? [43] [44] [45] [46] ????? ?? ???? ??? ????-????? ?? ~ 70% ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 2 ?? ??? ?????????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? [47] ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??, [48] ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? [49] ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? “??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? [??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??”? [42] [50]

??? ????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ??? 1970 ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??, ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? [51]

??? ???? [ ???? ]

??????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??. ??????? ????, ??? ??????????, ??? ???? ?????????? ????? (??????), ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???, ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? . ????? ???? ???? ???? ???-??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? [52] ????? ??? '?? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? (???????????? ?????????????? ???????????, ?????) ??? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??, ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????????: ?? ???, ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??, ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? (??????), ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??. ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??: ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? (????) ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? (????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????) ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? (??????) [53] ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (???????), ?? ?? ??? ???? ????????????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??. ???? ?????????? ????? ??? (MHV) ??? ?????????? ??, ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? murine, ??? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????. [54] ???????????????????? ????? (???????) ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??, ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??. ????? ????? ???? ????, ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?? [55]

?? ???? 2 ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? (????-?????) ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? [56]

????-????? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? '?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??,?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? '?? ??????? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? [57]

????? ??????? ???? [ ???? ]

??? ???? ?????????? ????? (??????) ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??.

??????? ??????????? (??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???, ???????).

?????? ??????????? (??.??.??.), ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ??.

???? ??????????? (???????) ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???-??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? (??? ????? ?? ??? ???) ?? ???? ???? ??.

?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? (???????) (?? ???? ???????? ????? ??, ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??).

???? ?? ??????????? (??????) ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??.

????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??.

????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??.

?????????? ??????? ??????????.

?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ??? ?? ??? ??.

?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? (????? ??? ???????), ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? [ ????? ??????? ] ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? [ ????? ??????? ]

????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ de Groot RJ, Baker SC , Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya AE, Holmes KV, Perlman S, Poon L, Rottier PJ, Talbot PJ, Woo PC, Ziebuhr J (2011). "Family Coronaviridae ". In AMQ King, E Lefkowitz, MJ Adams, EB Carstens (eds.). Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . Elsevier, Oxford. pp. 806?828. ISBN   978-0-12-384684-6 .
  2. ↑ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (24 August 2010). "ICTV Master Species List 2009 ? v10" (xls) .
  3. ↑ "Coronavirus: Common Symptoms, Preventive Measures, & How to Diagnose It" . Caringly Yours (in ???????? (??????)). 2020-01-28. Archived from the original on 2020-03-06 . Retrieved 2020-01-28 . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
  4. ↑ "Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies" . Viruses . 4 (11): 3044?3068. November 2012. doi : 10.3390/v4113044 . PMC   3509683 . PMID   23202515 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link )
  5. ↑ "Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens" . Journal of Virology . 90 (16): 7415?7428. August 2016. doi : 10.1128/JVI.00080-16 . PMC   4984655 . PMID   27279608 .
  6. ↑ Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis". Coronaviruses . Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. pp. 1?23. doi : 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1 . ISBN   978-1-4939-2437-0 . PMC   4369385 . PMID   25720466 .
  7. ↑ "Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC" . www.cdc.gov (in ???????? (??????)). 2020-01-31 . Retrieved 2020-02-01 .
  8. ↑ "??????????? ?? ?????" . 2022-05-11. Archived from the original on 2022-09-29 . Retrieved 2022-05-18 .
  9. ↑ "???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????, 17 ?? ?? ????? ????" . ?? ?? (in ?????) . Retrieved 2022-05-18 .
  10. ↑ "?????? ?? CM ???? ????????? ?? ??? 11, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???" . ?? ?? (in ?????) . Retrieved 2022-05-18 .
  11. ↑ "A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses" . Journal of Virology . 87 (12): 7039?7045. June 2013. doi : 10.1128/JVI.03273-12 . PMC   3676139 . PMID   23596293 .
  12. ↑ "Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus" . Journal of Virology . 86 (7): 3995?4008. April 2012. doi : 10.1128/JVI.06540-11 . PMC   3302495 . PMID   22278237 .
  13. ↑ "Evolutionary dynamics of bovine coronaviruses: natural selection pattern of the spike gene implies adaptive evolution of the strains" . The Journal of General Virology . 94 (Pt 9): 2036?2049. September 2013. doi : 10.1099/vir.0.054940-0 . PMID   23804565 .
  14. ↑ "Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event" . Journal of Virology . 79 (3): 1595?1604. February 2005. doi : 10.1128/jvi.79.3.1595-1604.2005 . PMC   544107 . PMID   15650185 .
  15. ↑ "Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 reveals evolution of different genotypes over time and recent emergence of a novel genotype due to natural recombination" . Journal of Virology . 85 (21): 11325?11337. November 2011. doi : 10.1128/JVI.05512-11 . PMC   3194943 . PMID   21849456 .
  16. ↑ "Genetic characterization of Betacoronavirus lineage C viruses in bats reveals marked sequence divergence in the spike protein of pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 in Japanese pipistrelle: implications for the origin of the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus" . Journal of Virology . 87 (15): 8638?8650. August 2013. doi : 10.1128/JVI.01055-13 . PMC   3719811 . PMID   23720729 .
  17. ↑ "Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63" . Journal of Virology . 86 (23): 12816?12825. December 2012. doi : 10.1128/JVI.00906-12 . PMC   3497669 . PMID   22993147 .
  18. ↑ "Evolutionary insights into the ecology of coronaviruses" . Journal of Virology . 81 (8): 4012?4020. April 2007. doi : 10.1128/jvi.02605-06 . PMC   1866124 . PMID   17267506 .
  19. ↑ "SARS-Coronavirus ancestor's foot-prints in South-East Asian bat colonies and the refuge theory". Infection, Genetics and Evolution . 11 (7): 1690?702. October 2011. doi : 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.06.021 . PMID   21763784 .
  20. ↑ "Evolutionary relationships between bat coronaviruses and their hosts" . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 13 (10): 1526?1532. October 2007. doi : 10.3201/eid1310.070448 . PMC   2851503 . PMID   18258002 .
  21. ↑ "Identification and characterization of a novel alpaca respiratory coronavirus most closely related to the human coronavirus 229E" . Viruses . 4 (12): 3689?3700. December 2012. doi : 10.3390/v4123689 . PMC   3528286 . PMID   23235471 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link )
  22. ↑ "Prevalence and genetic diversity analysis of human coronaviruses among cross-border children" . Virology Journal (in ????????). 14 (1): 230. November 2017. doi : 10.1186/s12985-017-0896-0 . PMC   5700739 . PMID   29166910 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link )
  23. ↑ "Healthcare-associated atypical pneumonia". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine . 30 (1): 67?85. February 2009. doi : 10.1055/s-0028-1119811 . PMID   19199189 .
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Laboratory testing of human suspected cases of novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection. Interim guidance, 10 January 2020" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2020 . Retrieved 14 January 2020 .
  25. ↑ "Pneumonia of unknown cause ? China" . World Health Organization. 5 January 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020 . Retrieved 23 January 2020 .
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Novel Coronavirus 2019, Wuhan, China | CDC" . www.cdc.gov . 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020 . Retrieved 23 January 2020 .
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  57. ↑ "Cell replacement therapies to promote remyelination in a viral model of demyelination" . Journal of Neuroimmunology . 224 (1?2): 101?107. July 2010. doi : 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.013 . PMC   2919340 . PMID   20627412 .
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