??????? ?????

??????? / æ p ? h ?ː z / ^[1] ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? 10 ??? ?????? ??? ^[2] ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ??????, ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? 2010 ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? 6,786 ?????? ??? ^[3]

??????? ??? [ ???? ]

??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????, ?????, ????, ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???

???? ????? [ ???? ]

??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? 58 ?????? ???

???? [ ???? ]

??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? 1862 ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? 1909 ???? ??? 55 ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????

?????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??:

??????? - ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???
????? - ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???
????? - ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???

?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???

????? [ ???? ]

↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook , Edinburgh
↑ Abkhaz at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
↑ Row 7 in Приложение 6: Население Российской Федерации по владению языками (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLS) on 2021-10-06 . Retrieved 2015-11-17 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored ( |trans-title= suggested) ( help ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )

[1] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook , Edinburgh

[e18-2] Abkhaz at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[RC2010-3] Row 7 in Приложение 6: Население Российской Федерации по владению языками (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLS) on 2021-10-06 . Retrieved 2015-11-17 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored ( |trans-title= suggested) ( help ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )

[1]

[2]

[3]