??? ????

?????? ?????

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry

??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????, ???, ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ????, ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ( livestock ) ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?

??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????:??: ??,????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ( domesticated ) ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? , ????, ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?

?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ( Columbian Exchange ) ????? ?????????? ??????, ? ??' ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ( Dishley Longhorn ) ???? ? ?????? ( Lincoln Longwool ) ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????, ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ( wool ) ????? ?

?????, ?? ?????, ????? , ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ??? ???? ( Insect farming ), ?????? ???? ( aquaculture ), ??????? ( mollusc ) ? ??????????? ( crustacean ) ??? ???? ???? ????? ?

?????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ( omnivore ) ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ( herbivore ) ? ???? ? ?????? ??? ????????? ( Ruminants ) ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?

?????????? ???? ( domestication ) ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ??? ??????????? ??????????? , ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ^[?]

?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???? ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ^[?]

???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??????-???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????, ??????, ?????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ^[?]

????:??: ??,??? ???????? ????? ??????????, ^[?] ? ??'??? ??,????? ?,??? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ? ^[?] ????:??: ????? ?,????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ^[?]

???? [ ???????? ]

↑ Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals . Cambridge University Press. pp. 1?2. ISBN 978-0-521-63495-3 .
↑ ^?.? ^?.? "History of the domestication of animals" . Historyworld . Retrieved 3 June 2017 .
↑ Nelson, Sarah M. (1998). Ancestors for the Pigs. Pigs in prehistory . University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology . ISBN 9781931707091 .
↑ Ensminger, M.E.; Parker, R.O. (1986). Sheep and Goat Science (Fifth ed.). Interstate Printers and Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8134-2464-4 .
↑ McTavish, E.J.; Decker, J.E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J.F.; Hillis, D.M. (2013). "New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . National Academy of Sciences . 110 (15): 1398?1406. Bibcode : 2013PNAS..110E1398M . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1303367110 . PMC 3625352 . PMID 23530234 .

[Clutton-Brock-1] Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals . Cambridge University Press. pp. 1?2. ISBN 978-0-521-63495-3 .

[Historyworld-2] ?.? ^?.? "History of the domestication of animals" . Historyworld . Retrieved 3 June 2017 .

[3] Nelson, Sarah M. (1998). Ancestors for the Pigs. Pigs in prehistory . University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology . ISBN 9781931707091 .

[4] Ensminger, M.E.; Parker, R.O. (1986). Sheep and Goat Science (Fifth ed.). Interstate Printers and Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8134-2464-4 .

[McTavish-5] McTavish, E.J.; Decker, J.E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J.F.; Hillis, D.M. (2013). "New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . National Academy of Sciences . 110 (15): 1398?1406. Bibcode : 2013PNAS..110E1398M . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1303367110 . PMC 3625352 . PMID 23530234 .

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]