Lala ba wangerai gofu hadia ia no sa'ae oi la'ila wa tefa'ano ia ba wao-wao wangi'ila ba matematika ma lamane ia sejarah matematika ya'ia da'o ba wamareso hezo sibai mborota we'aso nifotoi matematika, ba da'a lo ebolo sibai wangalui ya'ia, ba latohugo ba wamareso ngawalo metode faoma notasi matematika si no irai so ba zi no numalo.

Fatua lo ofeta ba ginoto modern simane iada'a, faoma fa'amuzaewe ngawalo wangi'ila ba zi sagoro ulidano, duma-duma si no tesura moroi ba wamanoi fangi'ila ba matematika tola te falukahiasi lo dozi nahia. Sinura sifakhai ba matematika sabolo ara ma tola la?a'o ia si terkuno si no tefa'ila'o ma si no lasondra ya'ia da'o sinura Plimpton 322 ( matematika Babilonia ba ginoto dofi si 1900 SM), ^[1] Lembaran Matematika Rhind (Matematika Mesir sekitar 2000-1800 SM) ^[2] faoma Nga'oro Matematika Moskwa ( matematika Mesir ba ndrofi si 1890 SM). Fefu zinura andro, mamaehago sifakhai ba teorema ma si no sa'ae la'ila niha ia da'a nifotoi teorema Pythagoras , hulo na tobali borota wamanoi matematika fondrege za ra ba si no muzawili arou aefa aritmetika dasar faoma geometri .

Fangi'ila moroi ba matematikawan Yunani no la ododogo ba wamareso ngawalo metode-metode (tetandrosaigo sibai ba wangi'ila ma lamane pengenalan penalaran deduktif faoma kekakuan matematika bakha ba pembuktian matematika) ba bawangebolo'o tuho bahasan matematika. ^[3] ?a'a li "matematika" andre tehalo moroi ba wehede Yunani kuno, μ?θημα ( mathema ), nifo'eluaha tuho wamahao ma "mata pelajaran". ^[4] Matematika Cina no goi ufaehago zinangea wodou'o wangi'ila ba matematika andre, simane notasi posisional . Sistem bilangan Hindu-Arab ba goi-goi lala wangoguna'o ya'ia, no la oguna'o irugi ma'okho, ba no tedou wamanoi ya'ia ba ndraono sekola si moi kuliah ba ginoto milenium si'ofona Masehi bakha ba matematika India ba da'a tetohugo irugi ba dano Barat nifaehago zangoguna'o matematika Islam. ^{[5] [6]} Matematika Islam , ba ginotonia, mamanoi ba mamazaewe ngawalo wangi'ila matematika ba ginoto da'o. ^[7] Oya zinura moroi ba bahasa Yunani faoma Arab sifakhai ba matematika si no la'ali ba wehede Latin ba abad si-12, sinumalo ba wamanoi nasa wangi'ila ba matematika andre irgui ba Zaman Pertengahan Eropa.

Moroi ba zaman kuno sifakhai ba Zaman Pertengahan, fa'atedou wa'i'ila ma kreativitas matematika asese sibai hulo tefalangogo ia ba abad-abad fa lo hadoi fa'atedou ma kemandekan . Teborogo me abad Renaisans Italia ba abad si-16, famanoi matematika sibohou, tefakhai ia ba wanondra ngawalo wa'atua-tua ilmiah sibohou, lahaogo me pertumbuhan eksponensial si lo awoli-woli irugi ma'okho.

Matematika prasejarah [ bulo'o | bulo’o kode ]

Asal mula pemikiran matematika terletak di dalam konsep bilangan, besaran, dan bangun. ^[8] Famareso sibohou ma modern sifakhai ba dola gurifo ma fosil binatang tefaehago wa fangi'ila ma konsep da'a tenga saholi-holi dodo ia ba niha. Lala wangi'ila ma konsep nitofaigi ba wangi'ila da'a, no tobali duri mbewe ba niha sialu ero ma'okho. Wa lala wangi'ila ma konsep bilangan ma fangerai no tedou molo'o inoto, sitobali lohe-lohe ba niha wa ba zi ha'uga bahasa zaman iada'a no latongoni waehuta moroi ba wangerai si "sara", "dua", ba "oya nasa", ba hiza numero si tora moroi ba zidua, lo fao khonia wangerai. ^[8] Ondroita ma Benda matematika sabolo atua ndrofinia si no la'ila niha ya'ia da'o tulang Lebombo , ni sondra ba hili ma pegunungan Lebombo ba Swaziland ba hiza tola mano moroi ba ndrofi si 35000 SM. ^[9] Tola da'a so ba zi 29 torehan sifabo'o-bo'o ni'ododogo nikhokhoi ba dola fibula ma tulang fibula baboon . ^[10] Tesondra lohe-lohe wa ira alawe asese la'erai ba latongoni na inoto alua mba?ania ma siklus haid ; 28 ofeta 30 nikhokhoi ba dola andro mazui ba gara, ba tefatohu faoma tandra sifabo'o. ^[11] Simano goi artefak prasejarah no lasondra ba Afrika faoma Prancis , moroi ba ndrofi 35.000 SM ba dofinia so ba zi 20.000 fakhe, ^[12] mangoroma'o wa so wangododogo ba wangerai inoto. ^[13]

Tola Ishango ma Tulang Ishango , lasondra ba zahato ba nidano Sungai Nil (timur laut Kongo ), so khonia misa dandra likhe nikhokhoi tolu lahe manganau ba dola andro. Sondra molo'o niha sito'ola ma Tafsiran umum ya'ia da'o wa tola Ishango ma tulang Ishango mangombakha hewisa peragaan terkuno si no la'ila sifakhai ba wa'atofofo ma barisan bilangan prima ^[10] mazui suramba?a lunar ono wa?a. ^[14] Periode Predinastik Mesir moroi ba milenium si-5 SM, molo'o grafis mamaehago ngawalo khamoto dodo ba geometri. No so wanema'o wa bangunan megalit ba Inggris faoma Skotlandia , moroi ba milenium si-3 SM, mangorudugo fefu zondra geometri simane lingkaran , elips , faoma tripel Pythagoras ba zi no lafa'ano. ^[15]

Mesopotamia [ bulo'o | bulo’o kode ]

Matematika Babilonia tefaolo ba ngafu matematika nifanoi ba wangi'ila niha ba bangsa Mesopotamia iada'a banua Iraq ) i'otarai memborota ba Sumeria ofeta mborota peradaban helenistik . Lafotoi "Matematika Babilonia" boro me tuho si no la'ohalo?oigo zifakhai ba wangi'ila andre ba zisagoro Babilonia si tobali nahia ba wamaha'o. Ba ginoto zaman peradaban helenistik Matematika Babilonia teforodugo ira Matematika Yunani faoma Mesir ba wamanoi ma ba wodou'o Matematika Yunani. Aefa da'o baro wamatoro Kekhalifahan Islam , Mesopotamia, tefaudugo sibai ba Baghdad , sitobali nahia ba wamahao Matematika Islam.

Faehu ma'ifu moroi ba wa'ambo gumbu ba Matematika Mesir , fangi'ila ba Matematika Babilonia tefaehago ia moroi ba gumbu dano la'uri 400 ngawua nikhao me dofi si 1850. Lasura la'uri andro faoma sinura goso-oso ma tulisan paku , hiza fanura ba la'uri andre, ba ginoto abaso-baso ba awena la bogo bawu ba galito awena aefa da'o la'okhoi'o ba haga zino. Da'a lahaogo ia ba nomo-omo misa.

Si no tobali lohe-lohe matematika andre no tesura ia ni sura Sumeria ma bangsa Sumeria , samanoi peradaban kuno ba Mesopotamia. No lafanoi ngawalo wangi'ila ba sistem rumit ma molo'o metrologi i'otarai me dofi si 3000 SM. Na lafaigi moroi ba ndrofi si 2500 SM, bangsa Sumeria no laborotaigo lahaogo wafa wanura ba wokali ma tabel perkalian nihaogora ba la'uri, ba da'a tefakhai ia ba wangi'ila Geometri ba lala wangalui sinondra sifakha ba wombagi. Lahe ma fangi'ila moroi ba sistem bilangan Babilonia no sambua wa'atedou wangi'ila ngawalo zifakhai ba matematika irugi mane ma'okho. ^[16]

Umbu [ bulo’o kode ]

1. ↑ J. Friberg, "Methods and traditions of Babylonian mathematics. Plimpton 322, Pythagorean triples, and the Babylonian triangle parameter equations", Historia Mathematica, 8, 1981, pp. 277?318.
2. ↑ O. Neugebauer, "The Exact Sciences in Antiquity", Chap. IV "Egyptian Mathematics and Astronomy", 2nd ed., Dover, New York, 1969, pp. 71?96.
3. ↑ Sir Thomas L. Heath, A Manual of Greek Mathematics , Dover, 1963, p. 1: "In the case of mathematics, it is the Greek contribution which it is most essential to know, for it was the Greeks who first made mathematics a science."
4. ↑ Heath. A Manual of Greek Mathematics . hlm. 5.  
5. ↑ Robert Kaplan, "The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero", Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, London, 1999
6. ↑ "The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in India. The idea seems so simple nowadays that its significance and profound importance is no longer appreciated. Its simplicity lies in the way it facilitated calculation and placed arithmetic foremost amongst useful inventions. the importance of this invention is more readily appreciated when one considers that it was beyond the two greatest men of Antiquity, Archimedes and Apollonius." - Pierre Simon Laplace http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html
7. ↑ A.P. Juschkewitsch , "Geschichte der Mathematik im Mittelalter", Teubner, Leipzig, 1964
8. ↑ ^{8,0 8,1} Templat:Harv
9. ↑ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LebomboBone.html
10. ↑ ^{10,0 10,1} Williams, Scott W. (2005). "The Oldest Mathematical Object is in Swaziland" . Mathematicians of the African Diaspora . SUNY Buffalo mathematics department . Mufaigi me 2006-05-06 .  
11. ↑ Kellermeier, John (2003). "How Menstruation Created Mathematics" . Ethnomathematics . Tacoma Community College. Arsip moroi versi asli irugi 2005-12-23 . Mufaigi me 2006-05-06 .  
12. ↑ Benda matematika kuno
13. ↑ "Matematika di Afrika bagian tengah sebelum pendudukan" (PDF) . Arsip moroi versi asli (PDF) irugi 2012-02-07 . Mufaigi me 2010-03-01 .  
14. ↑ Marshack, Alexander (1991): The Roots of Civilization , Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY.
15. ↑ Thom, Alexander, and Archie Thom, 1988, "The metrology and geometry of Megalithic Man", pp 132-151 in C.L.N. Ruggles, ed., Records in Stone: Papers in memory of Alexander Thom . Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 0-521-33381-4 .
16. ↑ Duncan J. Melville (2003). Third Millennium Chronology Archived 2018-07-07 at the Wayback Machine , Third Millennium Mathematics . Universitas St. Lawrence .