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,
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???????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????:
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(
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)?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????
?????????????
[
???????
]
An array of
Neolithic
artifacts, including
bracelets
,
axe heads
,
chisels
, and polishing tools.
???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????,
[?]
?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (???????)???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???
[?]
??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ???, ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ???????? Schoninger Speere ?, ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??
[?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
A four-wheeled
ballista
drawn by armored
cataphract
horses,
c.
400
.
??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????
???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ????
????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????
[?]
???, ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? (battering ram)?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????
[?]
?? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??-????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????
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???? ???????? ??????? ?????????
[??]
?????
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? ?????? ??? (spoke) ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????
[??]
????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????
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??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????
This picture shows medieval Indian weapons
Ancient Chinese
cannon
displayed in the
Tower of London
.
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?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ????????? ???? (pike) ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?-? ??? ???, ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????
?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????
??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? (musketeers) ????? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???????? (trebuchet)??? ??????? ?????? ?????
????? ??????
[
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]
??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????
??????
?
????
??? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????
???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????-??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???, ??? arquebus, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???: ??????? ???????? ????-?????? ?????, ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???(Lock)?? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??, ??????? (ironclad) ????-???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????-??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? (???,
???????
) ?????? ?????
????? ??????
?????
The
bayonet
is used as both
knife
and
polearm
.
??? ???? ???????? ???
?????? ?
????? ?????? ???? ??????? (???? ?????????) ?????? ????? ???? ??????? Howitzer???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????
???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????-
??????
, ???-??????(tank) ??? ??
?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??-???? ????? ?????????? ????? ????
????? ?
????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ????????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??
??-?? ??????
[
???????
]
?????? ??????
[
???????
]
?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??-
- ????
- ?????
- ?????
- ?????
- ??????
- ?????
- ?????
?????? ??????
[
???????
]
- ↑
Jill D. Pruetz and Paco Bertolani,
Savanna Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, Hunt with Tools"
,
Current Biology
, March 6, 2007
- ↑
Rick Weiss,
"Chimps Observed Making Their Own Weapons"
,
The Washington Post
, February 22, 2007
- ↑
Hartmut Thieme, Reinhard Maier (Hrsg.):
Archaologische Ausgrabungen im Braunkohlentagebau Schoningen.
Landkreis Helmstedt, Hannover 1995.
- ↑
Hartmut Thieme:
Die altesten Speere der Welt ? Fundplatze der fruhen Altsteinzeit im Tagebau Schoningen.
In:
Archaologisches Nachrichtenblatt
10, 2005, S. 409-417.
- ↑
Michael Baales, Olaf Joris:
Zur Altersstellung der Schoninger Speere.
In: J. Burdukiewicz u. a. (Hrsg.):
Erkenntnisjager. Kultur und Umwelt des fruhen Menschen.
Veroffentlichungen des Landesamtes fur Archaologie Sachsen-Anhalt 57, 2003 (Festschrift Dietrich Mania), S. 281-288.
- ↑
O. Joris:
Aus einer anderen Welt ? Europa zur Zeit des Neandertalers
. In: N. J. Conard u. a. (Hrsg.):
Vom Neandertaler zum modernen Menschen
. Ausstellungskatalog Blaubeuren 2005, S. 47-70.
- ↑
Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Hartmut Thieme. Letters to Nature. Nature 385, 807 - 810 (27 February 1997);
doi
:
10.1038/385807a0
,
Nature.com
- ↑
?.?
?.?
Gabriel, Richard A..
A Short History of War
. 2010-01-08 ????
- ↑
Duncan E. Miller and N.J. Van Der Merwe, "Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa"
Journal of African History
35 (1994) 1-36; Minze Stuiver and N.J. Van Der Merwe, "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa"
Current Anthropology
1968.
- ↑
Gabriel, Richard A..
A Short History of War - Iron Age Revolution
. 2010-01-08 ????
- ↑
Wheel and Axle Summary
. BookRags.com (2010-11-02). 2011-06-13 ????
- ↑
Science Show: The Horse in History
. abc.net.au (1999-11-13). 2011-06-13 ????
- ↑
The Trireme (1/2)
. Mlahanas.de. 2011-06-13 ????