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???????????????
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[?]
?????????? ??????? ???? ???, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???, ?????????, ??????, ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????, ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????
[?]
- ↑
"Ctesiphon ? Encyclopaedia Iranica"
, Iranicaonline.org
, ?????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (???????? ????),
"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
,
Journal of World-Systems Research
12
(2): ???,
????????
1076-156X
, ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????
?
- ↑
Taagepera, Rein (????), "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.",
Social Science History
3
(3/4), p. 122,
?????????
1170959
,
?????
:
10.2307/1170959
?
- ↑
Eiland, Murray (????),
"West Asia 300 BC?AD 600"
, in Onians, John,
Atlas of World Art
, Oxford University Press, ??: 80?81,
????????
978-0195215830
?
- ↑
Abdolhossein Zarinkoob:
Ruzgaran: tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi
, p. 305
